FIRMAN (an

See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of the Per. ferman, a

See also:

• MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate or patent, cognate with the

See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit pramdna, a measure, authority)  , an edict of an oriental sovereign, used specially to designate decrees, grants, passports, &c., issued by the sultan of Turkey and signed by one of his ministers . A decree bearing the sultan's sign-manual and drawn up with special formalities is termed a hatti-sherif, Arabic words meaning a line, writing or command, and lofty, noble . A written decree of an Ottoman sultan is also termed an irade, the word being taken from the Arab. iradd, will, volition, order .