EMIL See also:

• FISCHER
• EMIL FISCHER (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

FISCHER (1852– )  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• EUSKIRCHEN

Euskirchen, in Rhenish See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, on the 9th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1852, his See also:

• FATHER

father being a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant and manufacturer . After studying See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry at See also:

• BONN

Bonn, he migrated to See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, where he graduated as Ph.D. in 1874 . He then acted as assistant to Adolf von See also:

• BAEYER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON (1835– )

Baeyer at See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich for eight years, after which he was appointed to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of chemistry successively at See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen (1882) and See also:

• WURZBURG

Wurzburg (1885) . In 1892 he succeeded A . W. von See also:

• HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1818-1892)
• HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONRAD VON (1810—1877)
• HOFMANN, MELCHIOR (c. 1498—1543-4)

Hofmann as See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of chemistry at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . Emil See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer devoted himself entirely to organic chemistry, and his investigations are characterized by an originality of See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea and readiness of resource which make him the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of this See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of experi- See also:

• MENTAL

mental chemistry . In his hands no substance seemed too complex to admit of See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis or of See also:

• SYNTHESIS (Gr. a6vOeacs, from avvrcBivac, to put together)

synthesis; and the more intricate and involved the subjects of his investigations the more strongly shown is the conspicuous skill in pulling, as it were, See also:

• ATOM (Gr. &rows, indivisible, from a- privative, and TE,aPfw, to cut)

atom from atom, until the See also:

• MOLECULE (from mod. Lat. molecula, the diminutive of moles, a mass)

molecule stood revealed, and, this accomplished, the same skill combined atom with atom until the molecule was regenerated . His forte was to enter See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields where others had done little except break the ground; and his researches in many cases completely elucidated the problem in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and where the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution was not entire, his methods and results almost always contained the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to the situation . In 1875, the See also:

• YEAR

year following his engagement with von Baeyer, he published his See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the organic derivatives of a new See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound of See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen and See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen, which he named See also:

• HYDRAZINE (DIAMIDOGEN), N2H4

hydrazine (q.v.) . He investigated both the aromatic and aliphatic derivatives, establishing their relation to the diazo compounds, and he perceived the readiness with which they entered into See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with other substances, giving origin to a See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of hitherto unknown compounds . Of such condensation products undoubtedly the most important are the hydrazones, which result from the interaction with See also:

• ALDEHYDES

aldehydes and See also:

• KETONES

ketones . His observations, published in 1886, that such See also:

• HYDRA
• HYDRA (or SDRA, NIDRA, IDERO, &c.; anc. Hydrea)
• HYDRA (watersnake)

hydra-zones, by treatment with hydrochloric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid or See also:

• ZINC

zinc chloride, yielded derivatives of indol, the See also:

• PYRROL, C4H5N

pyrrol of the See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

benzene See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series and the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent substance of See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo, were a valuable See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of the views advanced by his master, von Baeyer, on the subject of indigo and the many substances related to it .