See also:

• FISTULA (Lat. for a pipe or tube)

FISTULA (See also:

• LAT

Lat. for a See also:

• PIPE

pipe or See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube)  , a See also:

• TERM

term in See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery used to designate an abnormal communication leading either from the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• BODY

body to a normal cavity or See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, or from one normal cavity or canal to another . These communications are the result of disease or injury . They receive different names according to their situation: lachrymal See also:

• FISTULA (Lat. for a pipe or tube)

fistula is the small opening See also:

• LEFT

left after the bursting of an See also:

• ABSCESS (from Lat. abscedere, to separate)

abscess in the upper See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• TEAR

tear-duct, near the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose; salivary fistula is an opening into the salivary duct on the cheek; anal fistula, or fistula in ano, is a suppurating track near the outlet of the bowel; urethral fistula is the result of a giving way of the tissues behind a stricture . These are examples of the variety of the first See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of fistula; while recto-vesical fistula, a communication between the rectum and See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder, and vesico-vaginal fistula, a communication between the bladder and vagina, are examples of the second . The abnormal passage may be straight or tortuous, of considerable See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter or of narrow calibre . Fistulae may be caused by an obstruction of the normal channel, the resultof disease or injury, which prevents, for example, the tears, saliva or urine, as the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case may be, from escaping; their retention gives rise to inflammation and ulceration in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that an exit may be obtained by the formation of an abscess, which bursts, for example, into the gut or through the skin; the cavity does not See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close, and a fistula is the result . The fistulous channel remains open as See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the contents of the cavity or canal with which it is connected can pass through it . To obliterate the fistula one must remove the obstruction and encourage the flow along the natural channel; for example, one must open up the nasal duct so as to allow the tears to reach the nasal cavity, and the lachrymal fistula will close; and so also in the salivary and urethral fistulae . Sometimes it may be necessary to See also:

• LAY

lay the channel freely open, to scrape out the unhealthy material which lines the track, and to encourage it to fill up from its deepest part, as in anal fistula; in other cases it may be necessary to See also:

• PARE, AMBROISE (1510-1590)

pare the edges of the abnormal opening and stitch them together . (E .