See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

LORD See also:

• EDWARD

EDWARD See also:

• FITZGERALD
• FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809–1883)
• FITZGERALD, LORD E
• LORD EDWARD FITZGERALD (1763-1798)
• FITZGERALD, LORD THOMAS (loth earl of Kildare), (1513-1537)
• FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, or REDMOND (d. ca. 1182)

FITZGERALD (1763-1798)  , Irish conspirator, fifth son of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, 1st See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• LEINSTER

Leinster, by his wife See also:

• EMILIA

Emilia See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, daughter of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• LENNOX
• LENNOX, CHARLOTTE (1720-1804)
• LENNOX, MARGARET, COUNTESS OF (1515-1578)

Lennox, 2nd duke of See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Carton See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, near See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, on the 15th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1763, In 1773 the duke of Leinster died, and his widow soon afterwards married See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• OGILVIE (or OGILBY), JOHN (c. 158o-1615)

Ogilvie, who superintended See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• EDWARD

Edward's See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• EDUCATION

education . Joining the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in 1779, Lord Edward served with See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit in See also:

• AMERICA

America on the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of Lord Rawdon (afterwards See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings), and at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Eutaw Springs (8th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1781) he was severely wounded, his See also:

• LIFE

life being saved by a See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro named Tony, whom Lord Edward retained in his service till the end of his life . In 1783 See also:

• FITZGERALD
• FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809–1883)
• FITZGERALD, LORD E
• FITZGERALD, LORD EDWARD (1763-1798)
• FITZGERALD, LORD THOMAS (loth earl of Kildare), (1513-1537)
• FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, or REDMOND (d. ca. 1182)

Fitzgerald returned to See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, where his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, the duke of Leinster, had procured his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the Irish See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament as member for See also:

• ATHY (pronounced Athy)

Athy . In parliament he acted with the small Opposition See also:

• GROUP

group led by See also:

• GRATTAN, HENRY (1746-1820)

Grattan (q.v.), but took no prominent See also:

• PART

part in debate . After spending a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at See also:

• WOOLWICH

Woolwich to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete his military education, he made a tour through See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in 1787; and then, dejected by unrequited love for his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Georgina Lennox (afterwards See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• BATHURST
• BATHURST, EARLS

Bathurst), he sailed for New See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick to join the 54th See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major . The love-sick See also:

• MOOD

mood and romantic temperament of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Irishman found congenial See also:

• SOIL

soil in the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild surroundings of unexplored See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian forests, and the See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm thus engendered for the " natural " life of savagery may have been already fortified by study of See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau's writings, for which at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period Lord Edward expressed his admiration . In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1789, guided by See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass, he traversed the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, practically unknown to See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white men, from Frederickstown to See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec, falling in with See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians by the way, with whom he fraternized; and in a subsequent expedition he was formally adopted at See also:

• DETROIT

Detroit by the See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

Bear tribe of See also:

• HURONS

Hurons as one of their chiefs, and made his way down the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi to New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, whence he returned to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Finding that his brother had procured his election for the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• KILDARE

Kildare, and desiring to maintain See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, Lord Edward refused the command of an expedition against See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz offered him by See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt, and devoted himself for the next few years to the pleasures of society and his See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary duties . He was on terms of intimacy with his relative C . J . See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox, with R . B .

See also:

• SHERIDAN
• SHERIDAN, PHILIP HENRY (1831-1888)

Sheridan and other leading Whigs . According to See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore, Lord Edward Fitzgerald was the only one of the numerous suitors of Sheridan's first wife whose attentions were received with favour; and it is certain that, whatever may have been its limits, a warm mutual See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection subsisted between the two . His Whig connexions combined with his transatlantic experiences to predispose Lord Edward to sympathize with the doctrines of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution, which he embraced with ardour when he visited See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in October 1792 . He lodged with Thomas See also:

• PAINE, ROBERT TREAT (1731–1814)
• PAINE, THOMAS (1737–1809)

Paine, and listened to the debates in the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention . At a convivial gathering on the 18th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November he supported a See also:

• TOAST

toast to " the speedy abolition of all hereditary titles and feudal distinctions," and gave See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his zeal by expressly repudiating his own See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title—a performance for which he was dismissed from the army . While in Paris Fitzgerald became enamoured of a young girl whom he chanced to see at the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, and who is said to have had a striking likeness to Mrs Sheridan . Procuring an introduction he discovered her to be a protegee of Madame de Sillery, comtesse de Geniis . The parentage of the girl, whose name was Pamela (?1776-1831), is uncertain; but although there is some See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to support the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Madame de See also:

• GENLIS

Genlis that Pamela was born in See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland of parents called See also:

• SEYMOUR
• SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810-1886)
• SEYMOUR, or ST MAUR
• SEYMOUR, THOMAS

Seymour or See also:

• SIMS, GEORGE ROBERT (1847– )

Sims, the See also:

• COMMON

common belief that she was the daughter of Madame de Genlis herself by Philippe (Egalit6), duke of Orleans, was probably well founded . On the 27th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1792 Fitzgerald and Pamela were married at Tournay, one of the witnesses being See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Philippe, afterwards See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the French; and in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1793 the couple reached Dublin . Discontent in Ireland was now rapidly becoming dangerous, and was finding a See also:

• FOCUS (Latin for " hearth " or " fireplace ")

focus in the Society of the See also:

• UNITED

United Irishmen, and in the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee, an organization formed a few years previously, chiefly under the direction of Lord Kenmare, to See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch the interests of the Catholics . French revolutionary doctrines had become ominously popular, and no one sympathized with them more warmly than Lord Edward Fitzgerald, who, fresh from the See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery of the Convention in Paris, returned to his seat in the Irish parliament and threw himself actively into the See also:

• WORK

work of opposition . Within a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week of his arrival he denounced in the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation, which Grattan had approved, in See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language so violent that he was ordered into custody and required to apologize at the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar of the House .

As early as 1794 the government had See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information that placed Lord Edward under suspicion; but it was not till 1796 that he joined the United Irishmen, whose aim after the recall of Lord See also:

• FITZWILLIAM, SIR WILLIAM (1526-1599)
• FITZWILLIAM, WILLIAM WENTWORTH FITZWILLIAM, 2ND EARL (1748-1833)

Fitzwilliam in 1795 was avowedly the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent Irish See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . In May 1796 See also:

• THEOBALD, (d. 1161)
• THEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744)

Theobald See also:

• WOLFE, CHARLES (1791-1823)
• WOLFE, JAMES (1727-1759)

Wolfe See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

Tone was in Paris endeavouring to obtain French assist;ance for an insurrection in Ireland . In the same See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month Fitzgerald and his friend See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur O'See also:

• CONNOR (or O'CONNOR), BERNARD (1666-1698)

Connor proceeded to See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, where they opened negotiations with the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory through Reinhard, French See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to the Hanseatic towns . The duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting Pamela at See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire House on her way through See also:

• LONDON

London with her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, had told her that " all was known " about his plans, and advised her to persuade him not to go abroad . The proceedings of the conspirators at Hamburg were made known to the government in London by an informer, See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

Turner . Pamela was entrusted with all her husband's secrets and took an active part in furthering his designs; and she appears to have fully deserved the confidence placed in her, though there is See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to suppose that at times she counselled prudence . The result of the Hamburg negotiations was See also:

• HOCHE, LAZARE (1768-1797)

Hoche's abortive expedition to See also:

• BANTRY

Bantry See also:

• BAY

Bay in December 1796 . In September 1797 the government learnt from the informer MacNally that Lord Edward was among those directing the See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of the United Irishmen, which was now quickly maturing . He was specially concerned with the military organization, in which he held the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of the Kildare regiment and See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the military committee . He had papers showing that 280,000 men were ready to rise . They possessed some arms, but the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply was insufficient, and the leaders were hoping for a French invasion to make See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good the deficiency and to give support to a popular uprising . But French help proving See also:

• DILATORY (from Lat. dilatus, from differre, to put off or delay)

dilatory and uncertain, the See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel leaders in Ireland were divided in See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as to the expediency of taking the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field without waiting for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign aid .

Lord Edward was among the See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates of the bolder course . His opinions and his proposals for See also:

• ACTION

action were alike violent . He was on intimate terms with apologists for assassination; there is some evidence that he favoured a project for the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of the Irish peers while in procession to the House of Lords for the trial of Lord See also:

• KINGSTON
• KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF (1720-1788)
• KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-188o)

Kingston in May 1998 . It was probably abhorrence of such See also:

• MEASURES

measures that converted Thomas See also:

• REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON (182o-1863)
• REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792)
• REYNOLDS, WALTER (d. 1327)

Reynolds from a conspirator to an informer; at all events, by him and several others the authorities were kept posted in what was going on, though lack of evidence producible in See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court delayed the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of the ringleaders . But on the 12th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1798 Reynolds' information led to the seizure of a number of conspirators at the house of See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

Bond . Lord Edward Fitzgerald, warned by Reynolds, was not among them . The government were anxious to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save him from the consequences of his own folly, and Lord See also:

• CLARE
• CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864)
• CLARE, JOHN FITZGIBBON, 1ST EARL OF (1749-1802)

Clare said to a member of his See also:

• FAMILY

family, " for See also:

• GOD

God's See also:

• SAKE

sake get this young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man out of the country; the ports shall be thrown open, and no hindrance whatever offered." Fitzgerald with chivalrous recklessness refused to See also:

• DESERT

desert others who could not See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape, and whom he had himself led into danger . On the 30th of March a proclamation establishing See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and authorizing the military to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act without orders from the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate, which was acted upon with revolting See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty in several parts of the country, precipitated the crisis . The government had now no choice but to secure if possible the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, whose social position more than his abilities made him the most important See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the conspiracy . On the 11th of May a See also:

• REWARD

reward of £r000 was offered for his See also:

• APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension . The 23rd of May was the date fixed for the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general rising . Since the arrest at Bond's, Fitzgerald had been in hiding, latterly at the house of one See also:

• MURPHY, ARTHUR (1727–1805)
• MURPHY, JOHN FRANCIS (1853– )
• MURPHY, ROBERT (1806-1843)

Murphy, a See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather dealer, in Thomas See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, Dublin .

He twice visited his wife in disguise; was himself visited by his stepfather, Ogilvie, and generally observed less caution than his situation required . The conspiracy was honeycombed with treachery, and it was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long a See also:

• MATTER

matter of dispute to whose information the government were indebted for Fitzgerald's arrest; but it is no longer open to doubt that the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of his hiding See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was disclosed by a Catholic See also:

• BARRISTER

barrister named Magan, to whom the stipulated reward was ultimately paid through See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• HIGGINS, MATTHEW JAMES (1810-1868)

Higgins, another informer . On the 19th of May Major See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SWAN, SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828– )

Swan and a Mr . See also:

• RYAN, LACY (c. 1694-176o)

Ryan proceeded to Murphy's house with Major H . C . Sirr and a few soldiers . Lord Edward was discovered in See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed . A desperate scuffle took place, Ryan being mortally wounded by Fitzgerald with a See also:

• DAGGER

dagger, while Lord Edward himself was only secured after Sirr had disabled him with a See also:

• PISTOL

pistol See also:

• BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of boule, ball)

bullet in the See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder . He was conveyed to Newgate See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol, where by the kindness of Lord Clare he was visited by two of his relatives, and where he died of his See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound on the 4th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1798 . An Act of See also:

• ATTAINDER (from the O. Fr. ataindre, ateindre, to attain, i.e. to strike, accuse, condemn; Lat. attingere, tangere, to touch; the meaning has been greatly affected by the confusion with Fr. taindre, teindre, to taint, stain, Lat. tingere, to dye)

Attainder (repealed in 1819) was passed, confiscating his See also:

• PROPERTY

property; and his wife—against whom the government probably possessed sufficient evidence to secure a conviction for See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason—was compelled to leave the country before her husband had actually expired . Pamela, who was scarcely less celebrated than Lord Edward himself, and whose remarkable beauty made a lasting impression on See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843)

Southey, repaired to Hamburg, where in 1800 she married J . See also:

• PITCAIRN

Pitcairn, the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul .

Since her See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Lord Edward she had been greatly beloved and esteemed by the whole Fitzgerald family; and although after her second marriage her intimacy with them ceased, there is no sufficient evidence for the tales that represented her subsequent conduct as open to See also:

• GRAVE

grave censure . She remained to the last passionately devoted to the memory of her first husband; and she died in Paris in November 1831 . A portrait of Pamela is in the Louvre . She had three See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children by Lord Edward Fitzgerald: Edward Fox (1794-1863); Pamela, afterwards wife of General See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell; and See also:

• LUCY, RICHARD DE (d. 1179)

Lucy Louisa, who married See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon, R.N . Lord Edward Fitzgerald was of small stature and handsome features . His See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and career have been made the subject of eulogies much beyond their merits . He had, indeed, a winning See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality, and a warm, affectionate and generous nature, which made him greatly beloved by his family and See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends; he was humorous, See also:

• LIGHT

light-hearted, sympathetic, adventurous . But he was entirely without the weightier qualities requisite for such a part as he undertook to See also:

• PLAY

play in public affairs . Hot-headed and impulsive, he lacked See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . He was as conspicuously deficient in the statesmanship as he was in the oratorical See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of such men as See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

Flood, See also:

• PLUNKET, OLIVER (1629—1681)
• PLUNKET, WILLIAM CONYNGHAM PLUNKET, 1ST BARON (1764—1854)

Plunket or Grattan . One of his associates in conspiracy described him as " weak and not See also:

• FIT

fit to command a sergeant's guard, but very zealous." Reinhard, who considered Arthur O'Connor " a far abler man," accurately read the character of Lord Edward Fitzgerald as that of a young man " incapable of falsehood or perfidy, See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank, energetic, and likely to be a useful and devoted See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument; but with no experience or extraordinary See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent, and entirely unfit to be See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of a See also:

• GREAT

great party or See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in a difficult enterprise." See Thomas Moore, Life and See also:

• DEATH

Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald (2 vols., London, 1832), also a revised edition entitled The See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, edited with supplementary particulars by See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin MacDermott (London, 1897) ; R . R .

See also:

• MADDEN, SIR FREDERIC (1801-1873)

Madden, The United Irishmen (7 vols., Dublin, 1842–1846) ; C . H . Teelin , See also:

• PERSONAL

Personal Narrative of the Irish See also:

• REBELLION

Rebellion of 1798 (See also:

• BELFAST

Belfast, 1832; W . J . Fitzpatrick, The Sham See also:

• SQUIRE

Squire, The Rebellion of Ireland and the Informers of 1798 (Dublin, 1866), and Secret Service under Pitt (London, 1892) ; J . A . See also:

• FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY (1818-1894)

Froude, The See also:

• ENGLISH

English in Ireland in the Eighteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century (3 vols., London, 1872–1874) ; W . E . H . See also:

• LEEK

Leek, See also:

• HISTORY

History of England in the Eighteenth Century, vols. vii. and viii . (London, 1896) ; Thomas Reynolds the younger, The Life of Thomas Reynolds (London, 1839) ; The Life and Letters of Lady Sarah Lennox, edited by the countess of See also:

• ILCHESTER

Ilchester and Lord Stavordale (London, 1901); See also:

• IDA (d. 559)

Ida A . See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor, The Life of Lord Edward Fitzgerald (London, 1903), which gives a prejudiced and distorted picture of Pamela .

For particulars of Pamela, and especially as to the question of her parentage, see Gerald Campbell, Edward and Pamela Fitzgerald (London, 1904) ; Memoirs of Madame de Genlis (London, 1825) ; Georgette Ducrest, Chroniques populaires (Paris, 1855) ; Thomas Moore, Memoirs of the Life of R . B . Sheridan (London, 1825) . (R . J .