See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in See also:

• ENGLISH

English)  , a piece of See also:

• BUNTING
• BUNTING (a word of doubtful origin, possibly connected with bunt, to sift, or with the Ger. bunt, of varied colour)
• BUNTING, J
• BUNTING, JABEZ (1779-1858)

bunting or similar material, admitting of various shapes and See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, and waved in the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind from a See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff or See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord for use in display as a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

ensign or See also:

• SIGNAL

signal . The word may simply be derived onomatopoeically, or transferred from the botanical " See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag "; or an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original meaning of " a piece of See also:

• CLOTH

cloth " may be connected • with the 12th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• ENGLISH

English "flage,"meaning a baby's garment; the verb " to flag," i.e. droop, may have originated in the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a pendulous piece of bunting, or may be connected with the O . Fr. flaguir, to become flaccid . It is probable that almost as soon as men began to collect together for See also:

• COMMON

common purposes some ki:'d of conspicuous See also:

• OBJECT

object was used, as the See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of the common sentiment, for the rallying point of the common force . In military expeditions, where any degree of organization and discipline prevailed, See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of such a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind would be necessary to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark out the lines and stations of encampment, and to keep in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order the different bands when marching or in See also:

• BATTLE

battle . In addition, it cannot be doubted that flags or their equivalents have often served, by reminding men of past resolves, past deeds and past heroes, to arouse to See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm those sentiments of esprit de See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, of See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride and See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal devotion, patriotism or See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, upon which, as well as upon See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader-See also:

• SHIP

ship, discipline and numerical force, success in warfare depends . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Among the remains of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people which has See also:

• LEFT

left the earliest traces of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, the records of the forms of objects used as ensigns are frequently to be found . From their carvings and paintings, supplemented by See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient writers, it appears that several companies of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army had their own particular See also:

• STANDARDS

standards . These were formed of such objects as, there is See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe, were associated in the minds of the men with feelings of See also:

• AWE, LOCH

awe and devotion . Sacred animals, boats, emblems or figures, a tablet bearing a See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's name, See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan and See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather-shaped symbols, were raised on the end of a staff as standards, and the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of bearing them was looked upon as one of See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege and honour (fig . 1) . Somewhat similar seem to have been the customs of the Assyrians and See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews .

Among the sculptures unearthed by See also:

• LAYARD, SIR AUSTEN HENRY (1817-1894)

Layard and others at See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh, only two different designs have been noticed for standards: one is of a figure See also:

• DRAWING

drawing a See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow and See also:

• STANDING

standing on a See also:

• RUNNING

running See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull, the other of two bulls running in opposite directions (fig . 2) . These may resemble the emblems of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace which were attached to the yoke of See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius's See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot . They are See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne upon and attached to chariots; and this method of bearing such objects was the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom also of the Persians, and prevailed during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . That the custom survived to a comparatively See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period is proved from the fact that the " Guns," which are the " standards " of the See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, have from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time immemorial been entitled to all the See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade honours prescribed by the usages of war for the flag, that is, the symbol of authority . In days comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent there was a " flag See also:

• GUN

gun," usually the heaviest piece, which emblemized authority and served also as the " gun of direction " in the few concerted movements then attempted . No representations of Egyptian or See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian See also:

• NAVAL

naval standards have been found, but the sails of See also:

• SHIPS

ships were embroidered and ornamented with devices, another custom which survived into the middle ages . In both Egyptian and Assyrian examples, the staff bearing the' See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem is frequently ornamented immediately below with flag-like streamers . Rabbinical writers have assigned the different devices of the different Jewish tribes, but the authenticity of their testimony is extremely doubtful . See also:

• BANNERS, FEAST OF (Jap. Nobori-no-Sekku)

Banners, standards and ensigns are frequently mentioned in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible . " Every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel shall See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch by his standard, with the ensign of their See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house " (Num. ii . 2) .

" Who is she that looketh forth as the See also:

• MORNING

morning, See also:

• FAIR

fair as the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon, clear as the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, terrible as an army with banners?" (Cant. vi. ro . See also Num. ii . 10, x . 14; Ps. xx . 5, lx . 4; Cant. ii . 4; Is . V . 26, X . 18, lix . 19; Jer. iv . 21) .

The Persians See also:

• BORE

bore an See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle fixed to the end of a See also:

• LANCE

lance, and the sun, as their divinity, was also represented upon their standards, which appear to have been formed of some kind of textile, and were guarded with the greatest See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy by the bravest men of the army . The Carian soldier who slew See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus, the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• ARTAXERXES

Artaxerxes, was allowed the honour of carrying a See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the army, it being the custom of the Carians to See also:

• WEAR

wear that See also:

• BIRD

bird as a See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest on their helmets . The See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• INDIAN

Indian-s carried poles fledged with feathers from the wings of eagles, and similar customs seem to have prevailed among other semi-See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage peoples . The Greeks bore a piece of See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour upon a See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times; afterwards the several cities bore sacred emblems or letters chosen for their particular associations—the Athenians the See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive and the See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl, the See also:

• CORINTHIANS

Corinthians a See also:

• PEGASUS (from Gr. lrgyor, compact, strong)

pegasus, the Thebans a See also:

• SPHINX (Gr. Q¢lyyea', to draw tight, squeeze)

sphinx, in memory of See also:

• OEDIPUS (OiSiirovs, O16tir63i7s, Wines, from Gr. ot&eiv swell, and gobs foot, i.e. " the swollen-footed ")

Oedipus, the Messenians their initial M, and the Lacedaemonians A . A See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress was placed on the end of a spear as the signal to advance . The Dacians carried a standard representing a contorted See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent, while the See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon was the military sign of many peoples—of the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, Dacians and Parthians among others—and was probably first used by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans as the ensign of See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian auxiliaries (see fig . 3) . wY The question of the signs militaria of the Romans is a wide and very important one, having See also:

• DIRECT

direct bearing on the history of See also:

• HERALDRY

heraldry, and on the origin of See also:

• NATIONAL

national, family and personal devices . With them the custom was reduced to See also:

• SYSTEM

system . " Each century, or at least each See also:

• MANIPLE (Lat. manipulus, from minus, hand, and plere, to fill)

maniple," says Meyrick, " had its proper standard and standard-See also:

• BEARER

bearer." In the early days of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic a handful of See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay was borne on a See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole, whence probably came the name manipulus (See also:

• LAT

Lat. manus, a See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand) . The forms of standards in later times were very various; sometimes a See also:

• CROSS

cross piece of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood was placed at the end of a spear and surmounted by the figure of a hand in See also:

• SILVER

silver, below See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round or See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval discs, with figures of See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars or See also:

• MINERVA

Minerva, or in later times portraits of emperors or eminent generals (fig . 3) .

Figures of animals, as the See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf, See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear and others, were borne, and it was not till a later period that the eagle became the See also:

• SPECIAL

special standard of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion . According to See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, it was See also:

• GAIUS

Gaius See also:

• MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)

Marius who, in his second consulship, ordained that the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman legions should only have the eagle for their standard; " for before that time the eagle marched foremost with four others—wolves, minotaurs, horses and bears—each one in its proper order . Not many years passed before the eagle alone began to be advanced in battle, and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest were left behind in the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp . But Marius rejected them altogether, and since this it is observed that scarcely is there a camp of a legion wintered at any time without having a pair of eagles." The See also:

• VEXILLUM (Lat. dim. of velum, piece of cloth, sail, awning, or from vehere, vest um, to carry)

vexillum, which was the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry flag, is described by See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy as a square piece of cloth fastened to a piece of wood fixed crosswise to the end of a spear, somewhat resembling the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• GONFALON (the late French and Italian form, also found in other Romanic languages, of gonfanon, which is derived from the O.H. Ger. gundfano, gund, war, and fano, flag, cf. Mod. Ger. Fahne, and English " vane ")

gonfalon . Examples of these vexilla are to be seen on various Roman coins and medals, on the sculptured columns of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan and See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus, and on the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch of See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus . The See also:

• LABARUM

labarum, which was the imperial standard of later emperors, resembled in shape and fixing the vexillum . It was of purple See also:

• SILK

silk richly embroidered with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, and sometimes was not suspended as the vexillum from a See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal crossbar, but displayed as our modern flags, that is to say, by the See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment of one of its sides to a staff . After See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, the labarum bore the See also:

• MONOGRAM (from Late Lat. monogramma, in Late Gr. µovoypaµµov, from µovos, single, ypaµµa, letter)

monogram of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ (fig . 5, A) . It is supposed that the small See also:

• SCARF

scarf, which in medievaldays was often attached to the See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral staff or crook of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, was derived from the labarum of the first See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, Constantine the' See also:

• GREAT

Great . The Roman standards were guarded with religious veneration in the temples at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; and the reverence of this people for their ensigns was in proportion to their superiority to other nations in all that tends to success in war . It was not unusual for a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general to order a standard to be See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast into the ranks of the enemy, to add zeal to the onset of his soldiers by exciting them to recover what to them was perhaps the most sacred thing the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth possessed .

The Roman soldier swore by his ensign . Although in earlier times drapery was occasionally used for standards, and was often appended as See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament to those of other material, it was probably not until the middle ages that it became the special material of military and other ensigns; and perhaps not until the practice of heraldry had attained to definite nomenclature and See also:

• LAWS

laws does anything appear which is in the modern sense a flag . Early flags were almost purely of a religious See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . In See also:

• BEDE, BEDA, or B
• BEDE, CUTHBERT

Bede's description of the interview between the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen king lEthelberht and the Roman missionary See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, the followers of the latter are said to have borne banners on which silver crosses were displayed . The national banner of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England for centuries—the red cross of St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George—was a religious one; in fact the aid of religion seems ever to have been sought to give sanctity to national flags, and the origin of many can be traced to a sacred banner, as is notably the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with the oriflamme of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and the Dannebrog of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark . Of the latter the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend runs that King Waldemar of Denmark, leading his troops to battle against the enemy in 1219, saw at a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical moment a cross in the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky . This was at once taken as an See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to his prayers, and an assurance of See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial aid . It was forthwith adopted as the Danish flag and called the " Dannebrog," i.e. the strength of Denmark . Apart from all legend, this flag undoubtedly See also:

• DATES

dates from the 13th century, and the Danish flag is therefore the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest now in existence . The ancient See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of France bore the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood of St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin upon their standards . The See also:

• CHAPE (from the Fr. drape, a hood, cope or sheath)

Chape de St Martin was originally in the keeping of the monks of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Marmoutier, and the right to take this blue flag into battle with them was claimed by the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou . See also:

• CLOVIS [Chlodovech] (c. 466-511)

Clovis bore this banner against See also:

• ALARIC (Ala-reiks, " All-ruler "), (c. 370-410)

Alaric in 507, for victory was promised him by a See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse of the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms which the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir were chanting when his See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy entered the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St Martin at See also:

• TOURS

Tours .

See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne fought under it at the battle of See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne, and it frequently led the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French to victory . At what precise period the oriflamme, which was originally simply the banner of the abbey of St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis, supplanted the Chape de St Martin as the sacred banner of all France is not known . Probably, however, it gradually became the national flag after the kings of France had transferred the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where the great See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, St Denis, was held in high honour, and the banner hung over the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the saint in the abbey church . The king of France himself was one of the vassals of the abbey of St Denis for the See also:

• FIEF

fief of the Vexin, and it was in his quality of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Vexin that See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VI., le See also:

• GROS, ANTOINE JEAN, BARON (1771–1835)

Gros, bore this banner from the abbey to battle, in 1124 . He is credited with having been the first French king to have taken the banner to war, and it appeared for the last time on the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of fight at See also:

• AGINCOURT (AZINCOURT)

Agincourt in 1415 . The accounts also of its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance vary considerably . See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume Guiart, in his See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle says: " Oriflambe est une banniere De cendal voujoiant et See also:

• SIMPLE

simple Sans See also:

• PORTRAITURE

portraiture d'autre affaire." It would, therefore, seem to have been a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet flag; whilst an English authority states " the celestial auriflamb, so by the French admired, was but of one See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, a square redde banner." The Chronique de Flandres describes it as having three points with tassels of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green silk attached . The banner of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Conqueror was sent to him by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, and the early English kings fought under the banners of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• CONFESSOR

Confessor and St See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund; while the blended crosses of St George, St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew and St See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick still See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the national ensign of the See also:

• UNITED

united kingdoms of England, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, whose See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints they severally were . The See also:

• BAYEUX

Bayeux See also:

• TAPESTRY

tapestry, commemorating the Dorman See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of England, contains abundant representations of the flags of the period borne upon the lances of the knights of William's army . They appear small in See also:

• SIZE

size, and pointed, frequently indented into three points and bearing See also:

• PALES

pales,.crosses and roundels . One, a Saxon pennon, is triangular, and roundly indented into four points; one banner is of segmental shape and rayed, and Alf bears the figure of a bird, which has been supposed to represent the See also:

• RAVEN (O.E. hrafn, ,Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, Du. raaf, Ger. Rabe)

raven of the war-flag of the Scandinavian Vikings (fig . 4) .

In all, See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-seven pennons borne on lances by various knights are represented in the Bayeux tapestry, and of these twenty-eight have triple points, whilst others have two, four or five . The devices on these pennons are very varied and distinctive, although the date is See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the period in which heraldry became definitely established . In fact, the flags and their charges are probably not really significant of the people bearing them; for, even admitting that personal devices were used at the time, the figures may have been placed without studied intention, and so give the general figure only of such flags as happened to have come under the observation of the artists . The figures are probably rather ornamental and symbolic than strictly heraldic, —that is, personal devices, for the same insignia do not appear on the See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields of the several bearers . The dragon standard which he is known to have borne is placed near Harold; but similar figures appear on the shields of See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman warriors, which fact has induced a writer in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the Archaeological Association (vol. xiii. p . 113) to suppose that on the spears of the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons they represent only trophies torn from the shields of the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans, and that they are not ensigns at all . Standards in form much resembling these dragons appear on the Arch of Titus and the Trajan See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column as the standards of barbarians . At the battle of the Standard in 1138 the English standard was formed of the See also:

• MAST (2) (Anglo-Saxon maest, food, common to some Teutonic languages, and ultimately connected with " meat")
• MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. malus; from the medieval latinized form mast us comes Fr. malt)

mast of a ship, having a silver See also:

• PYX (Gr. iruVir, a box or chest)

pyx at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top and bearing three sacred banners, dedicated severally to St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of See also:

• BEVERLEY
• BEVERLEY, WILLIAM ROXBY (1814?-1889)

Beverley and St See also:

• WILFRID (c. 634-709)

Wilfrid of See also:

• RIPON
• RIPON, GEORGE FREDERICK SAMUEL ROBINSON, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1827-1909)

Ripon, the whole being fastened to a wheeled vehicle . Representations of three-pointed, cross-bearing pennons are found on See also:

• SEALS

seals of as early date as the No man era, and the warriors in the first crusade bore three-pointed pennons . It is possible that the three points with the three roundels and cross, which so often appear on these banners, have some reference to the faith of the bearers in the Trinity and in the Crucifixion, for in See also:

• CON

con-temporary representations of Christ's resurrection and descent into See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell he bears a three-pointed banner with cross above . The triple indentation so common on the flags of this period has been supposed to be the origin of one of the See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable ordinaries—the See also:

• PILE

pile . The " pile," it may be explained, is in the form of a See also:

• WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

wedge, and unless otherwise specified in the See also:

• BLAZON

blazon, occupies the central portion of the See also:

• ESCUTCHEON (0. Fr. escucheon, escusson, modern dcusson, through a Late Lat. form from Lat. Scutum, shield)

escutcheon, issuing from the middle See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief .

It may, however, issue from any other extremity of the See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield, and there may be more than one . More See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular characters were, however, not uncommon . In 1244 See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. gave order for a " dragon to be made in See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of a standard of red silk sparkling all over with See also:

• FINE

fine gold, the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue of which should be made to resemble burning See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and appear to be continually moving, and the eyes of sapphires or other suitable stones." The See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

Siege of Carlaverock, an Anglo-Norman poem of the 14th century, describes the heraldic See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings on the banners of the knights at the siege of that fortress . Of the king himself the writer says: " En sa banniere trois luparte De or fin estoient mis en See also:

• ROUGE (" red," from Lat. rubeus)

rouge;" and he goes on to describe the kingly characteristics these may be supposed to symbolize . A MS. in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum (one of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• BARKER, EDMUND HENRY (1788–1839)

Barker's heraldic collection, Hari . 4632) gives drawings of the standards of English kings from Edward III. to Henry VIII., which are roughly but artistically coloured . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal varieties of flags borne during the middle ages were the pennon, the banner and the standard . The " guydhommes " or " guidons," " banderolls," " pennoncells," " streamers " or pendants, may be considered as See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor varieties . The pennon (fig . 5, B) was a purely personal ensign, sometimes pointed, but more generally forked or See also:

• SWALLOW (A. S. swalewe, Icel. svala, Du. zwaluw, Ger. Schwalbe)

swallow-tailed at the end . It was essentially the flag of the See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight simple, as apart from the knight See also:

• BANNERET (Fr. banneret, from bannicre, banner, elliptical for seigneur or chevalier banneret, Med. Lat. banncretus)

banneret, borne by him on his lance, charged with his personal armorial bearings so displayed that they stood in true position when he couched his lance for See also:

• ACTION

action . A MS. of the 16th century (Hari .

2358) in the British Museum, which gives See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute particulars as to the size, shape and bearings of the standards, banners, pennons, guydhommes, pennoncells, &c., says " a pennon must be two yards and a See also:

• HALF

half See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, made round at the end, and conteyneth the armes of the owner," and warns that " from a standard or streamer a man may flee but not from his banner or pennon bearing his arms." A pennoncell (or penselle) was a diminutive pennon carried by the esquires . Flags of this character were largely used on any special occasion of ceremony, and more particularly at See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state funerals . For instance, we find " XII. doz. penselles " amongst the items that figured at the funeral of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk in 1554, and in the description of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor's procession in the following See also:

• YEAR

year we read of " ij goodly pennes (state See also:

• BARGES

barges) deckt with flages and stremers, and a m (moo) penselles." Amongst the items that ran the See also:

• TOTAL

total cost of the funeral of See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell up to an enormous sum of See also:

• MONEY

money, we find mention of thirty dozen of pennoncells a See also:

• FOOT

foot long and costing twenty shillings a dozen, and twenty dozen of the same kind of flags at twelve shillings a dozen . The banner was, in the earlier days of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry, a square flag, though at a later date it is often found greater in length than in See also:

• DEPTH

depth, precisely as is the case in the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary national flags of to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . In some very early examples it is found considerably longer in the depth on the staff than in its outward See also:

• PROJECTION

projection from the staff . The banner was charged in a manner exactly similar to the shield of the owner, and it was borne by knights banneret and all above them in See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected wi