See also:

• FLAMEN (from flare, " to blow up " the altar fire)

FLAMEN (from flare, " to See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow up " the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire)  , a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman sacrificial See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest . The flamens were subject to the See also:

• PONTIFEX

pontifex (q.v.) See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

maximus, and were consecrated to the service of some particular deity . The highest in See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank were the See also:

• FLAMEN (from flare, " to blow up " the altar fire)

flamen Dialis, flamen See also:

• MARTIALIS, QUINTUS GARGILIUS

Martialis and flamen Quirinalis, who were always selected from among the See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians . Their institution is generally ascribed to Numa . When the number of flamens was raised from three to fifteen, those already mentioned were entitled majores, in contradistinction to the other twelve, who were called minores, as connected with less important deities, and were chosen from the See also:

• PLEBS (from the root seen in Lat. plenus, full; cf. Gr. 7rXit9os)

plebs . Towards the end of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic the number of the lesser flamens seems to have diminished . The flamens were held to be elected for See also:

• LIFE

life, but they might be compelled to resign See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for neglect of See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, or on the occurrence of some See also:

• ILL

ill-omened event (such as the cap falling off the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head) during the performance of their See also:

• RITES

rites . The characteristic See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of the flamens in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general was the See also:

• APEX

apex, a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white conical cap, the laena or See also:

• MANTLE

mantle, and a See also:

• LAUREL

laurel See also:

• WREATH (O. Eng. wry, from wriian, to twist)

wreath . The See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official insignia of the flamen Dialis (of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter), the highest of these priests, were the white cap (pileus, albogalerus), at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of which was an See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch and a woollen See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread; the lama, a thick woollen toga praetexta See also:

• WOVEN

woven by his wife; the sacrificial See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife; and a See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod to keep the See also:

• PEOPLE

people from him when on his way to offer See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice . He was never allowed to appear without these emblems of office, every See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day being considered a See also:

• HOLY

holy day for him . By virtue of his office he was entitled to a seat in the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate and a See also:

• CURULE (Lat. currus, " chariot ")

curule See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair . The sight of fetters being forbidden him, his toga was not allowed to be tied in a See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot but was fastened by means of clasps, and the only See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring permitted to be worn on his See also:

• FINGER

finger was a broken one .

If a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person in fetters took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house he was immediately loosed from his bonds; and if a criminal on his way to the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of his See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment met him and threw himself at his feet he was respited for that day . The flamen Dialis was not allowed to leave the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city for a single See also:

• NIGHT

night, to ride or. even See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse (a restriction which incapacitated him for the consulship), to swear an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath, to look at an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, to touch any-thing unclean, or to look upon people working . His See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, which was obliged to be performed with the ceremonies of confarreatio (q.v.), was dissoluble only by See also:

• DEATH

death, and on the death of his wife (called flaminica Dialis) he was obliged to resign his office . The flaminica Dialis assisted her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband at the sacrifices and other religious duties which he performed . She wore See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long woollen See also:

• ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes; a See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil and a kerchief for the head, her See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair being plaited up with a See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• BAND

band in a conical See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form (tutulus); and shoes made of the See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather of sacrificed animals; like her husband, she carried the sacrificial knife . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main duty of the flamens was the offering of daily sacrifices; on the 1st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October the three See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major flamens drove to the Capitol and sacrificed to Fides Publica (the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour of the People) . Some of the municipal towns in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy had flamens as well as See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . We may mention, as distinct from the above, the flamen curialis, who assisted the See also:

• CURIO, OAIUS SCRIBONIUS

curio, the priest who attended to the religious affairs of each See also:

• CURIA

curia (q.v.); the flamens of various sacerdotal corporations, such as the Arval See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers; the flamen Augustalis, who superintended the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor in the provinces . See See also:

• MARQUARDT, JOACHIM (1812–1882)

Marquardt, Romische Staalsverwaltung, iii . (1885), pp . 326-336, 473; H . See also:

• DESSAU

Dessau, in See also:

• EPHEMERIS (Greek for a " diary ")

Ephemeris epigraphica, iii .

(1877); and the exhaustive See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by C.Jullian in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des antiquites .