See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• JOHN FLAMSTEED (1646-1719)

FLAMSTEED (1646-1719)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English astronomer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Denby, near See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby, on the 19th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1646 . The only son of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• FLAMSTEED, JOHN (1646-1719)

Flamsteed, a maltster, he was educated at the See also:

• FREE

free school of Derby, but quitted it finally in May 1662, in consequence of a rheumatic See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection of the See also:

• JOINTS

joints, due to a chill caught while bathing . Medical aid having proved of no avail, he went to See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland in 1665 to be " stroked " by See also:

• VALENTINE, or VALENTINUS

Valentine Greatrakes, but " found not his disease to stir." Meanwhile, he solaced his enforced leisure with astronomical studies . Beginning with J . Sacrobosco's De sphaera, he read all the books on the subject that he could buy or See also:

• BORROW, GEORGE HENRY (18o3-1881)

borrow; observed a partial See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar See also:

• ECLIPSE (Gr. €uheo,tis, falling out of place, failing)

eclipse on the 12th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1662; and attempted the construction of measuring See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . A See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract on the See also:

• EQUATION (from Lat. aequatio, aequare, to equalize)

equation of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, written by him in 1667, was published by Dr See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WALLIS, JOHN (1616-1703)

Wallis with the See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

Posthumous See also:

• WORKS

Works of J . See also:

• HORROCKS, JEREMIAH (1619-1641)
• HORROCKS, JOHN (1768–1804)

Horrocks (1673); and a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper embodying his calculations of appulses to stars by the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon, which appeared in the Philosophical Transactions (iv . 1099), signed In Mathesi a See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole fundes, an See also:

• ANAGRAM (Gr. ava, back, and ypa(beiv, to write)

anagram of " Johannes Flamsteedius," secured for him, from 167o, See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general scientific recognition . On his return from a visit to See also:

• LONDON

London in 167o he became acquainted with See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, entered his name at Jesus See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, and took, four years later, a degree of M.A. by letters-patent . An See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay composed by him in 1673 on the true and apparent diameters of the See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets furnished Newton with data for the third See also:

• BOOK

book of the Principia, and he fitted numerical elements to J . Horrocks's theory of the moon . In 1674, and again in 1675, he was invited to London by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

Jonas See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore, See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower, who proposed to establish him in a private See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory at See also:

• CHELSEA

Chelsea, but the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was anticipated by the determination of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. to have the tables of the heavenly bodies corrected, and the places of the fixed stars rectified " for the use of his See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen," and Flamsteed was appointed " astronomical observator " by a royal See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant dated 4th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1675 .

His See also:

• SALARY

salary of £See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo a See also:

• YEAR

year was cut down by See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation to 9o; he had to provide his own instruments, and to instruct, into the bargain, two boys from See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital . Sheer See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity drove him, in addition, to take many private pupils; but having been ordained in 1675, he was presented by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North in 1684 to the living of Burstow in See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey; and his See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial position was further improved by a small See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance on his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1688 . He now ordered, at an expense of £120, a mural arc from See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

Sharp, with which he began to observe systematically on the 12th of September 1689 (see See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

ASTRONOMY: See also:

• HISTORY

History) . The latter See also:

• PART

part of Flamsteed's See also:

• LIFE

life passed in a turmoil of controversy regarding the publication of his results . He struggled to withhold them until they could be presented in a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form; but they were urgently needed for the progress of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, and the astronomer-royal was a public servant . Sir Isaac Newton, who depended for the perfecting of his lunar theory upon " places of the moon " reluctantly doled out from See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich, led the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement for immediate communication; whence arose much See also:

• ILL

ill-feeling between him and Flamsteed . At last, in 1704, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark undertook the cost of See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing; a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the Royal Society was appointed to arrange preliminaries, and Flamsteed, protesting and exasperated, had to submit . The See also:

• WORK

work was only partially through the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press when the prince died, on the 28th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1708, and its completion devolved upon a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of visitors to the observatory endowed with ample See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers by a royal See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the 12th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1712 . As the upshot, the Historia coelestis, embodying the first Greenwich See also:

• STAR

star-See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue, together with the mural arc observations made 1689-17o5, was issued under See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• HALLEY, EDMUND (1656–1742)

Halley's editorship in 1712 . Flamsteed denounced the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production as surreptitious; he committed to the flames three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred copies, of which he obtained See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession through the favour of Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

Walpole; and, in See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance of bodily infirmities, vigorously prosecuted his designs for the entire and adequate publication of the materials he continued to accumulate . They were but partially executed when he died on the 31st of December 1719 . The preparation of his monumental work, Historia coelestis Britannica (3 vols. See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio, 1725), was finished by his assistant, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Crosthwait, aided by Abraham Sharp .

The first two volumes included the whole of Flamsteed's observations at Derby and Greenwich; the third contained the See also:

• BRITISH

British Catalogue of nearly 3000 stars . Numerous errors in this valuable See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record having been detected by Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA (1750-1848)
• HERSCHEL, SIR F
• HERSCHEL, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1738-1822)
• HERSCHEL, SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM, BART

Herschel, See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline Herschel See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of 56o stars observed, but not catalogued, while 111 of those catalogued proved to have never been observed (Phil . Trans. lxxxvii . 293; see also F . See also:

• BAILY, EDWARD HODGES (1788-1867)
• BAILY, FRANCIS (1774-1844)
• BAILY, WILLIAM HELLIER (1819-1888)

Baily, See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . See also:

• ASIR

Asir . Society, iv . 129) . The See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the See also:

• ATLAS

Atlas coelestis, corresponding to the British Catalogue, was delayed until 1729 . A portrait of Flamsteed, painted by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• GIBSON, CHARLES DANA (1867- )
• GIBSON, EDMUND (1669-1748)
• GIBSON, JOHN (1790-1866)
• GIBSON, THOMAS MILNER (1806-1884)
• GIBSON, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1850-1896)

Gibson in 1712, hangs in the rooms of the Royal Society . The extent and quality of his performance were the more remark-able considering his severe See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical sufferings, his straitened means, and the antagonism to which he was exposed . Estimable in private life, he was highly susceptible in professional matters, and hence failed to keep on terms with his contemporaries .

See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Baily's See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account of the Rev . John Flamsteed (1835) is the leading authority for his life . It comprises an autobiographical narrative pieced together from various See also:

• SOURCES

sources, a large collection of Flamsteed's letters, a revised and enlarged edition of the British Catalogue, besides authoritative and detailed See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory discussions . Some clamour was raised by a publication in which blame for harsh dealings was freely imputed to Newton, but W . See also:

• WHEWELL, WILLIAM (1794-1866)

Whewell vindicated his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character in Flamsteed and Newton (1836) . See also General See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary, vol. v . (1737), from materials supplied by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• HODGSON, BRIAN HOUGHTON (1800-1894)

Hodgson, Flamsteed's See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law; Biographia Britannica, iii . 1943 (1750) ; S . See also:

• RIGAUD, HYACINTHE (1659-1743)

Rigaud's See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

Correspondence of Scientific Men; See also:

• CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER (c.1655-173o)
• CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842)
• CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

Cunningham's Lives of Eminent Englishmen, iv . 366 (1835); See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

Noble's Continuation of James See also:

• GRANGER, JAMES (1723-1776)

Granger's Biog . Hist. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, ii . 132; R .

See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant's Hist. of Phys . Astronomy, p . 467; W . Whewell's Hist. of the Inductive Sciences, ii . 162; J . S . See also:

• BAILLY, JEAN SYLVAIN (1736-1793)

Bailly's Hist. de l'astronomie moderne, ii . 423, 589, 650; J . See also:

• DELAMBRE, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH (1749-1822)

Delambre's Hist. de l'astronomie au XVIIIe siecle, p . 93; Observatory, xv . 355, 379, 382 . (A .

M .