See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)  , a See also:

• TERM

term commonly used as an See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective, signifying level in See also:

• SURFACE

surface, level with the ground, and so, figuratively, fallen, dead, inanimate, tasteless, dull; or, by another transference, downright; or, in See also:

• MUSIC

music, below the true See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch . In a substantival See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, the term is used in See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography for a level See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract . The word is also generally applied by See also:

• MODERN

modern usage to a self-contained See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence or See also:

• SEPARATE

separate dwelling (in Scots See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, the term flatted See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house is still used), consisting of a See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of rooms which form a portion, usually on a single See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor, of a larger See also:

• BUILDING

building, called the See also:

• TENEMENT (Med. Lat. tenetnentum, from tenere, to hold)

tenement house, the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder being similarly divided . The approach to it is over a See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, passage and stairway, which are See also:

• COMMON

common to all residents in the building, but from which each private See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat is divided off by its own See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door (Clode, Tenement Houses and Flats, pp . 2) . There is in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England a considerable See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• SPECIAL

special law applicable to flats . The following points deserve See also:

• NOTICE

notice:—(i.) The occupants of distinct suites of rooms in a building divided into flats are generally, and subject, of course, to any special terms in their agreements, not lodgers but tenants with exclusive See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of separate dwelling-houses placed one above the other . They are, therefore, liable to See also:

• DISTRESS

distress by the immediate landlord, and each flat is separately rateable, though as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• RULE

rule by the See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract of tenancy the rates are payable by the landlord . Flats used solely for business purposes are exempt from house tax, by the Customs and Inland See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

Revenue See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1878 (see See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant, v . Langston, 1900, A.C . 383); and, by the Revenue Act 1903 (s . 11), See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision is made for excluding from See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment or for assessing at a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• RATE

rate buildings used for providing separate dwellings at rents not exceeding £6o a See also:

• YEAR

year .

It appears that tenants of a flat would not come within the meaning of " lodger " for the purposes of the Lodgers' Goods See also:

• PROTECTION

Protection Act 1871 . (ii.) The owner of an upper See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey, without any See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express grant or enjoyment for any given See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, has a right to the support of the See also:

• LOWER

lower storey (See also:

• DALTON
• DALTON, JOHN (1766-1844)

Dalton v . See also:

• ANGUS, EARLS OF

Angus, 1881, 6 A.C . 740, 793) . The owner of the lower storey, however, so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as he does nothing actively in the way of withdrawing its support, is not See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to repair, in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of a special See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

covenant imposing that See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation upon him . The right of support being an See also:

• EASEMENT (Fr. aise; O. Fr. aisement; Anglo-Lat. aisiamentum, a privilege or convenience)

easement in favour of the owner of the upper storey, it is for him to repair . He is in law entitled to enter on the lower storey for the purpose of doing the necessary See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs . It appears, however, that there is an implied obligation by the landlord to the tenants to keep the common See also:

• STAIR (0. Eng. stagger, step, from stigan, to climb, cf. Ger. steigen; the root is also seen in " stile " and " stirrup ")
• STAIR, JAMES DALRYMPLE

stair and the lift or elevator in repair, and, for See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach II . of this See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, he will be liable to a third party who, while visiting a See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant in the course of business, is injured by its defective See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition (See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller v . See also:

• HANCOCK
• HANCOCK, JOHN (1737–1793)
• HANCOCK, WINFIELD SCOTT (1824-1886)

Hancock, 1893, 2 Q.B . 177) . No such liability would be involved in a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence to the tenants. to use a See also:

• PART

part of the building not essential to the enjoyment of their flats .

(iii.) In See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the destruction of the flat by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, the See also:

• RENT

rent abates See also:

• PRO

pro See also:

• CANTO (from the Lat. cantus, a song)

Canto and an See also:

• APPORTIONMENT
• APPORTIONMENT (Fr. apportionement; Med. Lat. apportionamentum; derived from Lat. portio, share)

apportionment is made; pari ratione, where a flat is totally destroyed, the rent abates altogether (Clode, p . 14); unless the tenant has entered into an express and unqualified agreement to pay rent, when he will remain liable till the expiration of his tenancy . (iv.) Where the agreements for letting the flats in a single building are in common form, an agreement by the lessor not to depart from the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of building there indicated may be held to be implied . Thus an See also:

• INJUNCTION (from Lat. injungere, to fasten, or attach to, to lay a burden or charge on, to enjoin)

injunction has been granted to restrain the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion into a See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club of a large part of a building, adapted to occupation in residential flats, at the instance of a tenant who held under an agreement in a common form binding the tenants to rules suitable only for residential purposes (See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson v . Cripps,1896, 1 Ch . 265) . (v.) The See also:

• PORTER
• PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843– )
• PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843)
• PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891)
• PORTER, ENDYMION (1587–1649)
• PORTER, HENRY (ft. 1596-1599)
• PORTER, HORACE (1837– )
• PORTER, JANE (1776–1850)
• PORTER, MARY (d. 1765)
• PORTER, NOAH (1811–1892)

porter is usually appointed and paid by the landlord, who is liable for his acts while engaged on his general duties; while engaged on any special duty for any tenant the porter is the servant of the latter, who is liable for his conduct within the See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of his employment . In Scots law the rights and obligations of the lessors and lessees of flats, or—as they are called—" flatted houses," See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring partly from the exclusive possession by each lessee of his own flat, partly from the common See also:

• INTEREST

interest of all in the tenement as a whole . The " law of the tenement " may be thus summed up . The solum on which the flatted house stands, the See also:

• AREA

area in front and the back ground are presumed to belong to the owner of the lowest floor or the owners of each floor severally, subject to the common right of the other proprietors to prevent injury to their flats, especially by depriving them of See also:

• LIGHT

light . The See also:

• EXTERNAL

external walls belong to each owner in so far as they enclose his flat; but the other owners can prevent operations on them which would endanger the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of the building . The roof and uppermost storey belong to the highest owner or owners, but he or they may be compelled to keep them in repair and to refrain from injuring them .

The gables are common to the owner of each flat, so far as they bound his See also:

• PROPERTY

property, and to the owner of the adjoining house; but he and the other owners in the building have See also:

• CROSS

cross rights of common interest to prevent injury to the stability of the building . The floor and See also:

• CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

ceiling of each flat are divided in ownership by an ideal See also:

• LINE

line See also:

• DRAWN

drawn through the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the joists; they may be used for See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary purposes, but may not be weakened or exposed to unusual See also:

• RISK

risk from fire . The common passages and stairs are the common property of all to whose premises they form an See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access, and the walls which bound them are the common property of those persons and of the owners on their farther See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States the term " apartment-house " is applied to what in England are called flats . The general law is the same as in England . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

Code See also:

• CIVIL

Civil provides (See also:

• ART

Art . 664) that where the different storeys of a house belong to different owners the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main walls and roof are at the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of all the owners, each one in proportion to the value of the storey belonging to him . The proprietor of each storey is responsible for his own flooring . The proprietor of the first storey makes the See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase which leads to it, the proprietor of the second, beginning from where the former ended, makes the staircase leading to his and so on . There are similar provisions in the Civil Codes of See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium (Art . 664), See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec (Art . 521), St See also:

• LUCIA (or LucY), ST

Lucia (Art .

471) .