See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• ROBERT FLEURANGES (III.) DE LA MARCK, SEIGNEUR DE (1491-1J37)

FLEURANGES (III.) DE LA MARCK, SEIGNEUR DE (1491-1J37)  , See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and historian, was the son of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert II. de la Marck; See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BOUILLON

Bouillon, seigneur of See also:

• SEDAN

Sedan and See also:

• FLEURANGES, ROBERT (III.) DE LA MARCK, SEIGNEUR DE (1491-1J37)

Fleuranges, whose See also:

• UNCLE

uncle was the celebrated See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William de la Marck, " The See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

Boar of the See also:

• ARDENNES

Ardennes." A fondness for military exercises displayed itself in his earliest years, and at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of ten he was sent to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XII., and placed in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• ANGOULEME
• ANGOULEME, CHARLES DE VALOIS, DUKE OF (1573-1650)

Angouleme, afterwards See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I . In his twentieth See also:

• YEAR

year he married a niece of the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal d'See also:

• AMBOISE
• AMBOISE, GEORGES

Amboise, but after three months he quitted his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to join the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in the Milanese . With a handful of troops he threw himself into See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona, then besieged by the Venetians; but the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege was protracted, and being impatient for more active service, he tejoined the army . He then took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of See also:

• MIRANDOLA

Mirandola, besieged by the troops of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• JULIUS

Julius II., and in other actions of the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . In 1512 the French being driven from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, Fleuranges was sent into See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders to See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy a See also:

• BODY

body of 1o,000 men, in command of which, under his See also:

• FATHER

father, he returned to Italy in 1513, seized See also:

• ALESSANDRIA

Alessandria, and vigorously assailed See also:

• NOVARA

Novara . But the French were defeated, and Fleuranges narrowly escaped with his See also:

• LIFE

life, having received more than See also:

• FORTY

forty wounds . He was rescued by his father and sent to Vercellae, and thence to See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons . Returning to Italy with Francis I. in 1515, he distinguished himself in various affairs, and especially at Marignano, where he had a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse shot under him, and contributed so powerfully to the victory of the French that the king knighted him with his own See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . He next took See also:

• CREMONA
• CREMONA, LUIGI (1830-1903)

Cremona, and was there called home by the See also:

• NEWS

news of his father's illness . In 1519 he was sent into See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany on the difficult errand of inducing the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors to give their votes in favour of Francis I.; but in this he failed . The See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in Italy being rekindled, Fleuranges accompanied the king thither, fought at See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia (1525), and was taken prisoner with his royal See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master . The See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, irritated by the defection of his father, Robert II. de la Marck, sent him into confinement in Flanders, where he remained for some years .

During this imprisonment he was created marshal of France . He employed his enforced leisure in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing his Histoire See also:

• DES

des choses memorables advenues du ragne de Louis XII et de See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois I, depuis 1499 jusqu'en l'an 1521 . In this See also:

• WORK

work he designates himself Jeune Adventureux . Within a small See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass he gives many curious and interesting details of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, writing only of what he had seen, and in a very See also:

• SIMPLE

simple but vivid See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . The See also:

• BOOK

book was first published in 1735, by See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe See also:

• LAMBERT [alias NICHOLSON], JOHN (d. 1538)
• LAMBERT, DANIEL (1770-1809)
• LAMBERT, FRANCIS (c 1486-153o)
• LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH (1728–1777)
• LAMBERT, JOHN (1619-1694)

Lambert, who added See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical notes; and it has been reprinted in several collections . The last occasion on which Fleuranges was engaged in active service was at the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Peronne, besieged by the count of See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau in 1536 . In the following year he heard of his father's See also:

• DEATH

death, and set out from Amboise for his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of La Marck; but he was seized with illness at Longjumeau, and died there in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1537 . See his own book in the Nouvelle Collection des memoires pour servir a l'histoire de France (edited by J . F . See also:

• MICHAUD, JOSEPH FRANCOIS (1767–1839)

Michaud and J . J . F .

Poujoulat, See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series i. vol. v . See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1836 seq.) . FLEUR-DE-LIS (Fr . " See also:

• LILY

lily See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower "), an heraldic See also:

• DEVICE

device, very widespread in the armorial See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings of all countries, but more particularly associated with the royal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of France . The conventional fleur-de-lis, as See also:

• LITTRE, MAXIMILIEN PAUL SMILE (1801-1881)

Littre says, represents very imperfectly three See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white lily (Lilium) joined together,the central one erect, and each of the other two curving outwards . The fleur-de-lis is a See also:

• COMMON

common device in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient decoration, notably in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt,where it was the See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of life and resurrection, the attribute of the See also:

• GOD

god Horns . It is common also in See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan bronzes . It is uncertain whether the conventional fleur-de-lis was originally meant to represent the lily or white See also:

• IRIS

iris—the flower-de-luce of See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare—or an arrow-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, a See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear-head, an See also:

• AMULET (Late Lat. amuletum, origin unknown; falsely connected with the Arab. himdlah, a cord used to suspend a small Koran from the neck)

amulet fastened on date-palms to See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward off the evil See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, &c . In See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture the fleur-de-lis is a frequent sculptured See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament . As early as 1120 three fleurs-de-lis were sculptured on the capitals of the Chapelle See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Aignan at Paris . The fleur-de-lis was first definitely connected with the French See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy in an ordonnance of Louis le Jeune (c . 1147), and was first figured on a See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus inr180 .

The use of the fleur-de-lis in See also:

• HERALDRY

heraldry See also:

• DATES

dates from the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, soon after which See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period it became a very common charge in France, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and Germany, where every See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman of coat-See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour desired to adorn his See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield 18th and 19th centuries . with a See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan from the shield of France, which was at first d'azur, See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine de fleurs delis d'or . In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1376 See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. of France reduced the number of fleurs-de-lis to three—in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the Trinity—and the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of France thereafter See also:

• BORE

bore d'azur, d trois fleurs de lis d'or . Tradition soon attributed the origin of the fleur-de-lis to See also:

• CLOVIS [Chlodovech] (c. 466-511)

Clovis, the founder of the Frankish monarchy, and explained that it represented the lily given to him by an See also:

• ANGEL

angel at his See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism . Probably there was as much See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for this See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend as for the more rationalistic explanation of William See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton (Display of Heraldry, p . 145), that the fleur-de-lis was the figure of a See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed or See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag in blossom, used instead of a See also:

• SCEPTRE

sceptre at the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the Frankish kings . Whatever be the true origin of the fleur-de-lis as a conventional decoration, it is demonstrably far older than the Frankish monarchy, and See also:

• HISTORY

history does not See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of its See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption by the royal house of France, from which it passed into common use as an heraldic charge in most See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries . An See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the Lily, with a fleur-de-lis for badge, was established in the Roman states by Pope See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul III. in 1546; its members were pledged to defend the patrimony of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter against the enemies of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . Another order of the Lily was founded by Louis XVIII. in 1816, in memory of the See also:

• SILVER

silver fleurs-de-lis which the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte d'See also:

• ARTOIS

Artois had given to the troops in 1814 as decorations; it was abolished by the revolution of 183o .