See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

ANDRE HERCULE DE See also:

• FLEURY [ABRAHAM JOSEPH BENARD] (1750-.1822)
• ANDRE HERCULE DE FLEURY (1653-1743)
• FLEURY, CLAUDE (1640-1723)

FLEURY (1653-1743)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal and statesman, *as See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LODEVE

Lodeve (See also:

• HERAULT

Herault)on the 22nd, of See also:

• JUNE

June 1653, the son of a See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector of taxes . Educated by the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, he entered the priesthood, and became in 5679, through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Cardinal See also:

• BONI (Bone)

Boni, See also:

• ALMONER (from Lat. eleemosynarius, through med. Lat. almosynarius, almonarius, and Fr. almosnier, aumosniea, &c., mod. Fr. aumonier)

almoner to Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., and in 1698, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• FREJUS

Frejus . Seventeen years of a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country bishopric determined him to seek a position at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . He became See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• GREAT

great-See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson and See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, and in spite of an apparent lack of ambition, he acquired over the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child's mind an influence which proved to be indestructible . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans in 1723 See also:

• FLEURY [ABRAHAM JOSEPH BENARD] (1750-.1822)
• FLEURY, ANDRE HERCULE DE (1653-1743)
• FLEURY, CLAUDE (1640-1723)

Fleury, although already seventy years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, deferred his own supremacy by suggesting the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of Louis See also:

• HENRI

Henri, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, as first See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister . Fleury was See also:

• PRESENT

present at all interviews between Louis XV. and his first minister, and on Bourbon's See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to break through this See also:

• RULE

rule Fleury retired from court . Louis made Bourbon recall the tutor, who on the 1 rth of See also:

• JULY

July 1726, took affairs into his own hands, and secured the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile from court of Bourbon and of his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress Madame de See also:

• PRIE, JEANNE AGNES BERTHELOT DE PLENEUF, MARQUISE DE (1698-1727)

Prie . He refused the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of first minister, but his See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation to the cardinalate in that See also:

• YEAR

year secured his See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence over the other ministers . He was naturally frugal and prudent, and cai;ried these qualities into the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, with the result that in 1738-1739 there was a surplus of 15,000,000livres instead of the usual deficit . In 1726 he fixed the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of the currency and secured the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government by the See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment thenceforward of the See also:

• INTEREST

interest on the See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt . By exacting forced labour from the peasants he gave See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France admirable roads, though at the cost of rousing angry discontent . During the seventeen years of his orderly government the country found See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to recuperate its forces after the exhaustion caused by the extravagances of Louis XIV. and of the regent, and the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general prosperity raptly increased .

See also:

• INTERNAL

Internal See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was only seriously disturbed by the severities which Fleury saw See also:

• FIT

fit to exercise against the Jansenists . He imprisoned priests who refused to accept the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull Unigenitus, and he met the opposition of the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of Paris by exiling See also:

• FORTY

forty of its members . In See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief preoccupation was the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of peace, which was shared by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

Walpole, and therefore led to a. continuance of the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good understanding between France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . It was only with reluctance that he supported the ambitious projects of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• FARNESE
• FARNESE, ALEXANDER (1545-1592)
• FARNESE, ELIZABETH (1692-1766)

Farnese, queen of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy by guaranteeing in 1729 the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos to the duchies of See also:

• PARMA

Parma and See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany . Fleury had economized in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and See also:

• NAVY

navy, as elsewhere, and when in 1733 See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war was forced upon him he was hardly prepared . He was compelled by public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion to support the claims of Louis XV.'s See also:

• FATHER

father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• STANISLAUS

Stanislaus Leszczynski, ex-king of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, to the See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• CROWN

crown on the death of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus I., against the Russo . See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate; but the despatch of a French expedition of 15oo men to See also:

• DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig only served to humiliate France . Fleury was driven by See also:

• CHAUVELIN, BERNARD FRANCOIS, MARQUIS DE (1766-1832)

Chauvelin to more energetic See also:

• MEASURES

measures; he concluded a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish Bourbons and sent two armies. against the Austrians . Military successes on, the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine and in Italy secured the favourable terms of the treaty of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna (1735-1738) . France had joined with the other See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers in guaranteeing the succession of Maria Theresa under the Pragmatic See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction, but on the death of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VI. in 1740 Fleury by a See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic quibble found an excuse for repudiating his engagements, when he found the party of war supreme in the king's counsels . After the disasters of the Bohemian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign he wrote in confidence a humble See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to the Austrian general Konigsegg, who immediately published it . Fleury disavowed his own letter, and died a few days after the French evacuation of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague on the 29th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1743 .