THEODOR See also:

• THEODOR FLIEDNER (1800-1864)

FLIEDNER (1800-1864)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant divine, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 21st of See also:

• JANUARY

January ,boo at Epstein (near See also:

• WIESBADEN

Wiesbaden), the small See also:

• VILLAGE

village in which his See also:

• FATHER

father was paston He studied See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen and See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, and at the theological See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary of Herborn, and at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty he passed his final examination . After a See also:

• YEAR

year spent in teaching and See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching, in 1821 he accepted a See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call from the Protestant See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church at See also:

• KAISERSWERTH

Kaiserswerth, a little See also:

• TOWN

town on the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles below See also:

• DUSSELDORF

Dusseldorf . To help his See also:

• PEOPLE

people and to provide an endowment for his church, he undertook journeys'in 1822 through See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and then in 1823 to See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . He met with considerable success, and had opportunities of observing what was being done towards See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison reform; in England he made the acquaintance of the philanthropist See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• FRY
• FRY, ELIZABETH (178o-1845)
• FRY, SIR EDWARD (1827– )

Fry, The German prisons were then in a very See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The prisoners were huddled together in dirty rooms, badly fed, and See also:

• LEFT

left in See also:

• COMPLETE

complete idleness . No one dreamed of instructing them, or of See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the basis of useful legislation on the subject . See also:

• FLIEDNER, THEODOR (1800-1864)

Fliedner, at first singly, undertook the See also:

• WORK

work . He applied for permission to be imprisoned for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that he might look at prison See also:

• LIFE

life from the inside . This See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition was refused, but he was allowed to hold fortnightly services in the Dusseldorf prison, and to visit the inmates individually . Those interested in the subject banded themselves together, and on the 18th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1826 the first Prison Society of Germany (Rheinisch-WestfalischerGefdngnisverein) was founded . In 1833 Fliedner opened in his Qwn parsonage See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden at Kaiserswerth a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge for discharged See also:

• FEMALE

female convicts . His circle of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical philanthropy rapidly increased .

The state of the sick poor had for some See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

Lime ex-cited his See also:

• INTEREST

interest, and it seemed to him that hospitals might be best served by an organized See also:

• BODY

body of specially trained See also:

• WOMEN

women . Accordingly in 1836 he began the first See also:

• DEACONESS (i7 &locovos or &aKhvuraa, servant, minister)

deaconess See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house; and the See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital at Kaiserswerth . By their ordination vows the deaconesses devoted themselves to the care of the poor, the sick and the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young; but their engagements were not final—they might leave their work and return to See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary life if they See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose . In addition to these institutions Fliedner founded in 1835 an See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant school, then a normal school for infant school mistresses (1836), an orphanage for See also:

• ORPHAN

orphan girls of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle class (1842)•, and an See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum for female lunatics (1847) . Moreover, he assisted at the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation and in the management of similar institutions, not only in Germany, but in various parts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . In 1849 he resigned his See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, and from 1849 to 1851 he travelled over a large part of Europe, See also:

• AMERICA

America and the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East —the See also:

• OBJECT

object of his journeys being to found " See also:

• MOTHER

mother houses," which were to be not merely training See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for deaconesses, but also centres whence other training establishments might arise . He established a deaconess house in See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, and after his return assisted by counsel and See also:

• MONEY

money in the erection of establishments at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna, See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria and See also:

• BUCHAREST (Bucuresci)

Bucharest . Among his later efforts may be mentioned the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian house of refuge for female servants in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin (connected with which other institutions soon arose) and the " house of evening See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest " for retired deaconesses at Kaiserswerth . In 1855 Fliedner received the degree of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor in theology from the university of See also:

• BONN

Bonn, in recognition rather of his practical activity than of his theological attainments . He died on the 4th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1864, leaving behind him over See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo stations attended by 430 deaconesses; and these by 1876 had increased to 150 with an attendance of 600 . Fliedner's son FRITZ FLIEDNER (1845-1901), after studying in See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle and See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, became in 1870 See also:

• CHAPLAIN

chaplain to the See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy in See also:

• MADRID

Madrid . He followed in his father's footsteps by See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding several philanthropic institutions in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain .

He was also the author of a number of books, amongst which was an auto-See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, Aus meinem Leben . Erinnerungen and Erfahrungen (See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool) . Theodor Fliedner's writings are almost entirely of a practical See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . He edited a periodical, Der Armen and Kranken See also:

• FREUND, WILHELM (1806—1894)

Freund, which contained See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information regarding the various institutions, and also the yearly See also:

• ALMANAC

almanac of the Kaiserswerth institution . Besides purely educational and devotional See also:

• WORKS

works, he wrote See also:

• BUCH
• BUCH, CHRISTIAN LEOPOLD VON, BARON (1774-1853)

Buch der Martyrer (1852) ; Kurze Geschichte der Entstehung der ersten evang . Liebesanstalten zu Kaiserswerth (1856) ; Nachricht fiber das Diakonissen-Werk in der See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ . Kirche (5th ed., 1867) ; See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die evangel . Martyrer Ungarns and Siebenburgens; and Beschreibung der Reise nach Jerusalem and Constantinopel . All were published at Kaiserswerth . There is a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the German life by C . Winkworth (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1867) . See also G .

Fliedner, Theodor Fliedner, kurzer Abriss seines Lebens and Wirkens (3rd ed., 1892) . See also on Fliedner and his work Kaiserswerth Deaconesses (London, 1857) ; See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

Dean See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John S . See also:

• HOWSON, JOHN SAUL (1816-1885)

Howson's Deaconesses (London, 1862); The Service of the Poor, by E . C . See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen (London, 1871) ; W . F . See also:

• STEVENSON, ADLA1 EWING (1835- )
• STEVENSON, ROBERT (1772-1850)
• STEVENSON, ROBERT LEWIS BALFOUR (1850-1894)

Stevenson's Praying and Working (London, 1865) .