See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

FLINT IMPLEMENTS AND WEAPONS  . The excavation of these remains of the prehistoric races of the globe in See also:

• RIVER

river-See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel-beds has marked a revolution in the study of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man's See also:

• HISTORY

history (see See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

ARCHAEOLOGY) . Until almost the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century no suspicion had arisen in the minds of See also:

• BRITISH

British and See also:

• EUROPEAN

European archaeologists that the momentous results of the excavations then proceeding in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria would be dwarfed by discoveries at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home which revolutionized all previous ideas of Man's antiquity . It was in 1841 that See also:

• BOUCHER, FRANCOIS (1703-1770)
• BOUCHER, JONATHAN (1738-1804)

Boucher de See also:

• PERTHES, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1772—1843)
• PERTHES, JOHAN GEORG JUSTUS (1749-1816)

Perthes observed in some See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand containing mammalian remains, at Menchecourt near See also:

• ABBEVILLE

Abbeville, a See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint, roughly worked into a cutting See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement . This " find " was rapidly followed by others, and Boucher de Perthes published his first See also:

• WORK

work on the subject, Antiquites celtiques et antediluviennes: memoire stir l'industrie See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive et See also:

• LES

les arts a leur origin (1847), in which he proclaimed his See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of human weapons in beds unmistakably belonging to the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of the Drift . It was not until 1859 that the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French archaeologist convinced the scientific See also:

• WORLD

world . An See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MISSION

mission then visited his collection and testified to the See also:

• GREAT

great importance of his discoveries . The " finds " at Abbeville were followed by others in many places in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and in fact in every See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country where siliceous stones which are capable of being flaked and fashioned into implements are to be found . The implements occurred in beds of See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and lakes, in the tumuli and See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BURIAL

burial-mounds; on the sites of settlements of prehistoric man in nearly every See also:

• LAND

land, such as the See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell-heaps and See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake-dwellings; but especially embedded in the high-level gravels of England and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France which have been deposited by river-floods and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• LEFT

left high and dry above the See also:

• PRESENT

present course of the stream . These gravels represent the Drift or See also:

• PALAEOLITHIC (Gr. iraXates, old, and )tWBor, stone)

Palaeolithic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period when man shared See also:

• EUROPE

Europe with the See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

mammoth and woolly-haired See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros . The worked flints of this age are, however, unevenly distributed; for while the river-gravels of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern England yield them abundantly, none has been found in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland or the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern English counties . On the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent the same partial See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution is observable: while they occur plentifully in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• AREA

area of France, they are not discovered in See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway or See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark .

The association of these flints, fashioned for use by chipping only, with' the bones of animals either See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct or no longer indigenous, has justified their reference to the earlier period of the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone Age, generally called Palaeolithic . Those flint implements, which show signs of polishing and in many cases remarkably See also:

• FINE

fine workmanship, and are found in tumuli, See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat-bogs and lake-dwellings mixed with the bones of See also:

• COMMON

common domestic animals, are assigned to the See also:

• NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

Neolithic or later Stone Age . The Palaeolithic flints are hammers, flakes, scrapers, implements worked to a cutting edge at one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, implements which resemble See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude axes, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat ovoid implements worked to an edge all See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, and'a great quantity of See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear and arrow heads . None of these is ground or polished . The Neolithic flints, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, exhibit more variety of See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, are carefully finished, and the particular use of each weapon can be easily detected . Man has reached the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of culture when he could socket a stone into a wooden handle, and See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix a flaked flint as a handled See also:

• DAGGER

dagger or See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife . The workmanship is See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to that shown in any of the stone utensils made by See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage tribes of historic times . The manner of making flint implements appears to have been in all ages much the same . Flint from its mode of fracture is the only See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of stone which can be chipped or flaked into almost any shape, and thus forms the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal material of these earliest weapons . The blows must be carefully aimed or the flakes dislodged will be shattered: a See also:

• GUN

gun-flint maker at See also:

• BRANDON

Brandon, See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk, stated that it took him two years to acquire the See also:

• ART

art . For accounts of the gun-flint manufacture at Brandon, and detailed descriptions of ancient flint-working, see See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• EVANS, CHRISTMAS (1766-1838)
• EVANS, EVAN HERBER (1836-1896)
• EVANS, OLIVER (1755–1819)
• EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY (1787–1870)
• EVANS, SIR JOHN (1823-1908)

Evans, Ancient Stone Implements (1897), See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• AVEBURY
• AVEBURY, JOHN LUBBOCK, 1ST BARON (1834– )

Avebury's Prehistoric Times (1865, 1900) ; also See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson, Arrow-heads, Spear-heads and Knives of Prehistoric Times,'' in Smithsonian See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report for 1897; and W . K .

Moorehead, Prehistoric Implements (1900) .