See also:

• FLORA

FLORA AND  See also:

• FAUNA

FAUNA] as for hundreds of See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, so that most kinds of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and vegetables ripen far to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north in the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace See also:

• RIVER

river valley . Though the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the plains is one of extremes and often of rather sudden changes, it is brisk and invigorating and of particular value for persons affected with See also:

• LUNG

lung troubles . The climate of the Cordilleran region presents even more variety than that of the other provinces because of the ranges of mountains which run parallel to the Pacific . Along the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast itself the climate is insular, with little See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and mild See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat in summer, and with a very heavy rainfall amounting to too in. on the south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• VANCOUVER
• VANCOUVER, GEORGE (c. 1758-1798)

Vancouver See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island and near See also:

• PORT

Port See also:

• SIMPSON, MATTHEW (1811-1884)
• SIMPSON, SIR JAMES YOUNG (1811-1870)
• SIMPSON, THOMAS (1710-1761)

Simpson . Within too m. inland beyond the Coast Range the precipitation and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general climate are, like those of See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario, comparatively mild and with moderate snowfall towards the south, but with keen winters farther north . The interior See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau may be described as arid, so that See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation is required if crops are to be raised . The See also:

• SELKIRK
• SELKIRK (or SELCRA1G), ALEXANDER (1676-1721)
• SELKIRK, THOMAS DOUGLAS, 5TH EARL OF (1771–1820)

Selkirk Mountains have a heavy rainfall and a tremendous snowfall on their western flanks, but very much less precipitation on their eastern side . The Rocky Mountains have the same relationships but the whole precipitation is much less than in the Selkirks . The temperature depends largely, of course, on See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude, so that one may quickly pass from perpetual See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow above 8000 ft. in the mountains to the mild, moist climate of Vancouver or See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, which is like that of See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire, In the far north of the territories of See also:

• YUKON

Yukon, See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie and See also:

• UNGAVA

Ungava the climate has been little studied, as the region is uninhabited by See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white men except at a few See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-trading posts . North-west and north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson See also:

• BAY

Bay it becomes too severe for the growth of trees as seen on the " barren grounds," and there may be perpetual See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice beneath the coating of See also:

• MOSS

moss which serves as a non-conducting covering for the " tundras." There is, however, so little precipitation that snow does not accumulate on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form glaciers, the summer's See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun having warmth enough to thaw what falls in the winter . Leaving out the maritime provinces, See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Ontario, southern See also:

• ALBERTA

Alberta and the Pacific coast region on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic north, particularly near Hudson Bay, on the other, See also:

• CANADA

Canada has snowy and severe winters, a very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring with a sudden rise of temperature, short warm summers, and a delightful autumn with its " See also:

• INDIAN

Indian summer." There is much See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine, and the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere is bracing and exhilarating . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The general flora of the Maritime Provinces, See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec and Eastern Ontario is much the same, except that in Nova See also:

• SCOTIA (Gr. o'Karca, shadow or darkness)

Scotia a number of See also:

• SPECIES

species are found See also:

• COMMON

common also to Newfound-See also:

• LAND

land that are not apparent inland .

See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Macoun gives us a few notable species—Calluna vulgaris, Salisb., Alchemilla vulgaris, L., See also:

• RHODODENDRON

Rhododendron maximum, L., Ilex glabia, See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray, Hudsonia ericoides, L., Gaylussacia dumosa, F. and G., and Schezaea pusilla, Pursh . In New See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick the western flora begins to appear as well as immigrants from the south, while in the next eastern See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, Quebec, the flora varies consider-ably . In the See also:

• LOWER

lower St See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and about the Gulf many Arctic and sub-Arctic species are found . On the shores of the lower reaches Thalictruum alpinum, L., Vesicaria arctica, See also:

• RICHARDS, ALFRED BATE (182o-1876)
• RICHARDS, HENRY BRINLEY (1819-1865)
• RICHARDS, WILLIAM TROST (1833-1905)

Richards, Arapis alpina, L., Saxifraga oppositifolia, L., Ceraslium alpinum, L., Saxifraga caespitosa, L. and S. have been gathered, and on the Shickshock Mountains of Eastern Canada Silene acaulis, L., Lyclznis alpina, L., Cassiope hypnoides, See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don., Rhododendron laponicum, Wahl, and many others . On the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of these hills (4000 ft.) have been collected Aspidium aculeatum, See also:

• SWARTZ, OLOF (1760-1818)

Swartz See also:

• VAR

var., Scopulinum, D . C . See also:

• EATON, DORMAN BRIDGMAN (1823-1899)
• EATON, MARGARET
• EATON, THEOPHILUS (c. 15go-1658)
• EATON, WILLIAM (1764-1811)
• EATON, WYATT (1849-1896)

Eaton, Pellaea dense, See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

Hook, See also:

• GALLIUM (symbol Ga; atomic weight 69.9)

Gallium kamtschaticum, Sletten . From the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Quebec westwards there is a constantly increasing ratio of southern forms, and when the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain (so called) at See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal is reached the representative Ontario flora begins . In Ontario the flora of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PART

part is much the same as that of the Gulf of St Lawrence, but from Montreal along the See also:

• OTTAWA

Ottawa and St Lawrence valleys the flora takes a more southern aspect, and trees, shrubs and herbaceous See also:

• PLANTS

plants not found in the eastern parts of the Dominion become common . In the See also:

• FOREST

forest regions north of the lakes the vegetation on the shores of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• ERIE

Erie requires a high winter temperature, while the east and northx447 shores of Lake See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior have a boreal vegetation that shows the summer temperature of this enormous See also:

• WATER

water-stretch to be quite See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low . Beyond the forest country of Ontario come the prairies of See also:

• MANITOBA

Manitoba and the North-West Territories . In the ravines the eastern flora continues for some distance, and then disappearing gives See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to that of the See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie, which is found everywhere between the Red river and the Rocky Mountains except in wooded and See also:

• DAMP

damp localities .

Northwards, in the See also:

• SASKATCHEWAN
• SASKATCHEWAN (Cree: " Rapid River ")

Saskatchewan country, the flora of the forest and that of the prairies intermingle . On the prairies and the See also:

• FOOT

foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains a See also:

• GREAT

great variety of See also:

• GRASSES

grasses are found, several years' collection resulting in 42 genera and 156 species . Of the best See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and pasture grasses, Agropyrum Elymus, Stipa, Bromus, Agrostis, Calamagrostes and Poa, there are 59 species . Besides the grasses there are leguminous plants valuable for pasture—Astragalus, Vicia (See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• VETCH

vetch), Lathyrus (wild See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

pea) of which there are many species . The See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose See also:

• FAMILY

family is represented by Prunus, See also:

• POTENTILLA (nat. order Rosaceae, q.v.)

Potentilla, Fragaria, See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa, Rubus and Amelanc/zier . About the saline lakes and marshes of the prairie country are found Ruppia maritime, L., Heliotropium curassavicum, L., natives of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic coast, and numerous species of See also:

• CHENOPODIUM

Chenopodium, Atriplex and allied genera . The flora of the forest See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of the North-West Territories differs little from that of northern Ontario . At the beginning of the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the Rocky Mountains there is a luxurious growth of herbaceous plants, including a number of rare umbellifers . At the higher levels the vegetation becomes more Arctic . Northwards the valleys of the Peace and other See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers differ little from those of Quebec and the northern prairies . On the western slope of the mountains, that is, the Selkirk and Coast ranges as distinguished from the eastern or Rocky Mountains range, the flora differs, the climate being damp instead of dry . In some of the valleys having an outlet to the south the flora is partly See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• DESERT

desert, and such species as Purshia tridentata, D.C., and See also:

• ARTEMISIA
• ARTEMISIA (159o-1642)

Artemisia tridentata, Nutt., and species of See also:

• CILIA (plural of Lat. cilium, eyelash)

Cilia, See also:

• ASTER (Gr. /MrTI P, a star)

Aster and Erigonum are found that are not met with elsewhere .

Above Yale, in the drier part of the See also:

• FRASER
• FRASER, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1819– )
• FRASER, JAMES (1818-1885)
• FRASER, JAMES BAILLIE (1783--1856)
• FRASER, SIR WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Fraser valley, the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain results in the same See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of flora, while in the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy districts of the lower Fraser the vegetation is so luxuriant that it resembles that of the tropics . So in various parts of the mountainous country of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia, the flora varies according to See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic conditions . Nearer the Pacific coast the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods and open spaces are filled with See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers and shrubs . Liliaceous flowers are abundant, including Erythoniums, Trilliums, Alliums, Brodeaeas, Fritil-!arias, Siliums, Camassias and others . Fauna.—The larger animals of Canada are the See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

musk ox and the caribou of the barren lands, both having their See also:

• HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat in the far north; the caribou of the woods, found in all the provinces except in See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• EDWARD

Edward Island; the See also:

• MOOSE

moose, with an equally wide range in the wooded country; the See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, in one or other of its varietal forms, common to all the southern parts; the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black-tailed deer or See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule deer and allied forms, on the western edge of the plains and in British Columbia; the pronghorn See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope on the plains, and a small remnant of the once plentiful bison found in northern Alberta and Mackenzie, now called " See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo." The wapiti or American See also:

• ELK

elk at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time abounded from Quebec to the Pacific, and as far north as the Peace river, but is now found only in small See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers from Manitoba westwards . In the mountains of the west are the grizzly See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, black hear and See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon bear . The black bear is also common to most other parts of Canada; the polar bear everywhere along the Arctic littoral . The large or See also:

• TIMBER

timber See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf is found in the wooded districts of all the provinces, and on the plains there is also a smaller wolf called the See also:

• COYOTE

coyote . In British Columbia the See also:

• PUMA

puma or cougar, sometimes called the See also:

• PANTHER

panther and the American See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion, still frequently occurs; and in all parts the common See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox and the See also:

• SILVER

silver fox, the See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx, See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver, See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter, See also:

• MARTEN
• MARTEN, AMERICAN
• MARTEN, HENRY (1602-1680)
• MARTEN, JAPANESE
• MARTEN, STONE

marten, See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

fisher, wolverene, See also:

• MINK

mink, See also:

• SKUNK
• SKUNK (probably derived from " Seecawk," the Cree name for the skunk; another form given is " seganku ")

skunk and other fur-bearing animals . Mountain and See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and Arctic See also:

• HARES

hares and rabbits are plentiful or scarce in localities, according to seasons or other circumstances . In the mountains of British Columbia are the bighorn or Rocky Mountain See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and the Rocky Mountain See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat, while the 1+S saddleback and white mountain sheep have recently been discovered in the northern See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera . The birds of Canada are mostly migratory, and are those common to the northern and central states of the See also:

• UNITED

United States .

The wildfowl are, particularly in the west, in great numbers; their breeding-grounds extending from Manitoba and the western prairies up to Hudson Bay, the barren lands and Arctic coasts . The several kinds of geese-including the Canada See also:

• GOOSE (a common Teut. word, O. Eng. gOs, pl. ges, Ger. Gans, O. Norse gas, from Aryan root, ghans, whence Sans. hansa, Lat. anser (for hanser)
• GOOSE (GAME OF)

goose, the Arctic goose or wavey, the laughing goose, the See also:

• BRANT, JOSEPH (1742-1807)
• BRANT, SEBASTIAN (1457-1521)

brant and others-all breed in the northern regions, but are found in great numbers throughout the several provinces, passing north in the spring and south in the autumn . There are several varieties of See also:

• GROUSE

grouse, the largest of which is the grouse of British Columbia and the pennated grouse and the prairie chicken of Manitoba and the plains, besides the so-called See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge and See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow partridge, both of which are grouse . While the pennated grouse (called the prairie chicken in Canada) has always been plentiful, the prairie See also:

• HEN

hen (or chicken) proper is a more See also:

• RECENT

recent arrival from See also:

• MINNESOTA

Minnesota and the Dakotas, to which it had come from See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois and the south as See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement and accompanying wheatfields extended north . In certain parts of Ontario the wild See also:

• TURKEY

turkey is occasionally found and the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail, but in British Columbia is found the See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California quail, and a larger See also:

• BIRD

bird much resembling it called the mountain partridge . The See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle, bald-headed eagle, See also:

• OSPREY, or OSPRAY

osprey and a large variety of See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks are common in Canada, as are the snowy See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl, the horned owl and others inhabiting northern climates . The See also:

• RAVEN (O.E. hrafn, ,Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, Du. raaf, Ger. Rabe)

raven frequently remains even in the colder parts throughout the winter; these, with the Canada See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

jay, See also:

• WAXWING

waxwing, See also:

• GROSBEAK (Fr. Grosbec)

grosbeak and snow See also:

• BUNTING
• BUNTING (a word of doubtful origin, possibly connected with bunt, to sift, or with the Ger. bunt, of varied colour)
• BUNTING, J
• BUNTING, JABEZ (1779-1858)

bunting, being the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal birds seen in Manitoba and northern districts in that See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The See also:

• ROOK (O.E. Hr6c, Icel. Hr6kr,1 Swed. Mika, Du. Roek, Gael. Rocas)

rook is not found, but the common See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

crow and one or two other kinds are there during the summer . See also:

• SONG

Song-birds are plentiful, especially in wooded regions, and include the American See also:

• ROBIN

robin, See also:

• ORIOLE (O. Fr. Oriol, Lat. aureolus)

oriole, thrushes, the See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat-bird and various sparrows; while the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow, introduced years ago, has multiplied excessively and become a See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance in the towns . The smallest of the birds, the See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

ruby See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat humming-bird, is found everywhere, even up to timber See also:

• LINE

line in the mountains . The See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-birds include a great variety of gulls, guillemots, cormorants, albatrosses (four species), fulmars and petrels, and in the Gulf of St Lawrence the See also:

• GANNET (O.E. gavot)

gannet is very abundant . Nearly all the sea-birds of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain are found in See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters or are represented by closely allied species .

(A . P . C.) See also:

• AREA

Area and See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.-The following table shows the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Dominion into provinces and districts, with the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, population and estimated area of each . 1 The See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census is taken every ten years, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in these three provinces, where it is taken every five . Their population in 1906 was:-Manitoba, 360,000; Saskatchewan, 257,000; Alberta, 184,000 . 2 The areas assigned to Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and British Columbia are exclusive of the territorial seas, that to Quebec is exclusive of the Gulf of St Lawrence (though including the islands lying within it), and that to Ontario is exclusive of the Canadian portion of the Great Lakes . About 500,000 sq. m. belong to the Arctic region and 125,755 sq. m. are water . (POPULAT"I(14 In 1867 the Dominion was formed by the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec (Lower Canada) and Ontario (Upper Canada) . In 1869 the North-west Territories were See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased from the Hudson's Bay See also:

• COMPANY

Company, from a corner of which Manitoba was carved in the next See also:

• YEAR

year . In 1871 British Columbia and in 1873 Prince Edward Island joined the Dominion . The islands and other districts within the Arctic circle became a portion of the Dominion only in 188o, when all British possessions in North See also:

• AMERICA

America, excepting See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland, with its dependency; the Labrador coast, and the Bermuda islands, were annexed to Canada . West of the province of Ontario, then inaccurately defined, the provinces of Manitoba and British Columbia were the only organized divisions of the western territory, but in 1882 the provisional districts of See also:

• ASSINIBOIA

Assiniboia, See also:

• ATHABASCA (Athapescow), or ELK

Athabasca, Alberta and Saskatchewan were formed, leaving the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the north-west as unorganized territories, a certain portion of the north-east, called See also:

• KEEWATIN

Keewatin, having previously been placed under the See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Manitoba .

In 1905 these four districts were formed into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, and Keewatin was placed directly under the federal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . In 1898, owing to the influx of miners, the Yukon territory was constituted and granted a limited measure of self-government . The unorganized territories are sparsely inhabited by See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of the Hudson's Bay Company's posts and a few missionaries . Population.-The growth of population is shown by the following figures:-1871, 3,485,761; 1881, 4,324,810; 1891, 4,833,239; 1901, 5,371,315 . Since See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

Tool the increase has been more rapid, and in 1905 alone 144,621 emigrants entered Canada, of whom about two-fifths were from Great Britain and one-third from the United States . The See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of population is greatest in Prince Edward Island, where it is 51.6 to the sq. m.; in Nova Scotia it is 22.3; New Brunswick, 11.8; Ontario, 9.9; Manitoba, 4'9; Quebec, 4.8; Saskatchewan, i•oi; Alberta, 0.72; British Columbia, o•4; the Dominion, 1.8 . This is not an indication of the density in settled parts; as in Quebec, Ontario and the western provinces there are large unpopulated districts, the area of which enters into the calculation . The population is composed mainly of English- or See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French-speaking people; but there are See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German settlements of some extent in Ontario, and of See also:

• LATE

late years there has been a large See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration into the western provinces and territories from other parts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, including Russians, Galicians, See also:

• POLISH

Polish and See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, and Scandinavians . These See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign elements have been assimilated more slowly than in the United States, but the See also:

• PROCESS

process is being hastened by the growth of a See also:

• NATIONAL

national consciousness . English, Irish and Scots and their descendants form the bulk of the popula- tion of Ontario, French-Canadians of Quebec, Scots of Nova Scotia, the Irish of a large proportion of New Brunswick . In the other provinces the latter See also:

• RACE

race tends to confine itself to the cities . Manitoba is largely peopled from On- tario, together with a decreasing number of See also:

• HALF

half-breeds-i.e. See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of white fathers (chiefly French or Scottish) and Indian mothers-who originally formed the bulk of its inhabitants .

Alberta and Saskatchewan, particularly the ranching districts, are chiefly peopled by English immigrants, though since 190o there has also been a large influx from the United States . British Columbia contains a mixed population, of which in the See also:

• MINING

mining districts a large proportion is American . Since 1871 a great See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change has taken place throughout the west, i.e. from Lake Superior to the Pacific . Then Manitoba was principally inhabited by English and French half-breeds (or Metis), descendants of Hudson's Bay Company's employes, or Area in Population . See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

Official Capital . sq.m . 1881 . 1901 . Provinces- 26o,862 1,926,922 2,182,947 See also:

• TORONTO

Toronto Ontario Quebec 351,873 1,359,027 1,648,898 Quebec Nova Scotia 21,428 440,572 459,574 See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax New Brunswick 27,985 321,233 331,120 See also:

• FREDERICTON

Fredericton Manitoba 73,732 62,26o 255,2111 See also:

• WINNIPEG

Winnipeg British Columbia 372,630 49,459 178,657 Victoria Prince Edward Island 2,184 108,891 ": . 103,259 See also:

• CHARLOTTETOWN

Charlottetown Saskatchewan 250,650 91,460 1 See also:

• REGINA

Regina Alberta 253,540 25,515 72,841 dmonton Districts- 516,571 8,800 Kcewatin Yukon 196,976 27,219 See also:

• DAWSON, GEORGE (1821-1876)
• DAWSON, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1820-1899)

Dawson City Mackenzie 562,182 30,931 5,216 Ungava 354,961 5,113 See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin 500,000 _se 3,745,5742 4,324,810 5,371,315 Ottawa The Dominion adventurous pioneers from Quebec, together with Scottishsettlers, descendants of those brought out by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Selkirk (q.v.), some English See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army pensioners and others, See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti the See also:

• VAN

van of the immigras tion that shortly followed from Ontario . Beyond Manitoba buffalo were still See also:

• RUNNING

running on the plains, and British Columbia having lost its mining population of r8sg and 186o was largely inhabited by Indians, its white population which centred in the city of Victoria being principally English . French is the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the province of Quebec, though English is much spoken in the cities; both See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages are officially recognized in that province, and in the federal courts and See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament .

Elsewhere, English is exclusively used, save by the newly-arrived foreigners . The male See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex is slightly the more numerous in all the provinces except Quebec, the greatest discrepancy existing in British Columbia . The See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth-See also:

• RATE

rate is high, especially in Quebec, where families of twelve to twenty are not infrequent, but is decreasing in Ontario . In spite of the growth of manufactures since 1878, there are few large cities, and the proportion of the See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban population to the rural is small . Herein it differs noticeably from See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia . Between 1891 and 19or the number of farmers in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime provinces decreased, and there seemed a prospect of the country being divided into a manufacturing east and an agricultural west, but latterly large tracts in northern Ontario and Quebec have proved suitable for cultivation and are being opened up . See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion.—There is no established See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in Canada, but in the province of Quebec certain rights have been allowed to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic church ever since the British See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest . In that province about 87% of the population belongs to this church, which is strong in the others also, embracing over two-fifths of the population of the Dominion . The Protestants have shown a tendency to subdivision, and many curious and ephemeral sects have sprung up; of late years, however, the various sections of Presbyterians, Methodists and See also:

• BAPTISTS

Baptists have united, and a working See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance has been formed between Presbyterians, Methodists and Congregationalists . The Methodists are the strongest, and in Ontario form over 3o% of the population . Next come the Presbyterians, the backbone of the maritime provinces . The Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England is strong in the cities, especially Toronto .

Save among the Indians, active disbelief in See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity is practically non-existent, and even among them 9o% are nominally See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian . Indians.—The Indian population numbers over 1oo,000 and has slightly increased since 1881 . Except in British Columbia and the unorganized territories, nearly all of these are on reservations, where they are wider government supervision, receiving an See also:

• ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity in See also:

• MONEY

money and a certain amount 'of provisions; and where, by means of See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools and other methods, civilized habits are slowly superseding their former mode of See also:

• LIFE

life: British Columbia has about 25,000, most of whom are along the coast, though one of the important tribes, the Shuswaps, is in the interior . An almost equal number are found in the three prairie provinces . Those of Ontario, numbering about 20,000, are more civilized than those of the west, many of them being See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good farmers . In all the provinces they are under the 'See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the federal government which acts as their trustee, investing the money which they derive chiefly from the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of lands and timber, and making a large See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation for the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of their annuities, schools and other expenses . While unable to alienate their reservations, save to the federal government, they are not confined to them, but wander at See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . As they progress towards a settled mode of life; they are given the See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise; this process is especially far advanced in Ontario . A certain number are found in all the provinces . They make incomparable guides for fishing, See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting and See also:

• SURVEYING

surveying parties, on which they will cheerfully undergo the greatest 'hardships, though tending to shrink from See also:

• REGULAR

regular employment in cities or on farms . Orientals.—The See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese and See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese numbered in r906 about 2o,000, of whom, three-quarters were in British Columbia, though they were spreading through the other provinces, chiefly aslaundrymen . They are as a See also:

• RULE

rule frugal, industrious and See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-abiding, and are feared rather for their virtues than for their vices .

Since x885 a tax has been imposed on all Chinese entering Canada, and in 1903 this was raised to £roo ($500) . British Columbia endeavoured in 1905 to See also:

• LAY

lay a similar restriction on the Japanese, but the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was disallowed by the federal legislature . See also:

• FINANCE

Finance.—Since 1871 the decimal See also:

• SYSTEM

system of coinage, corresponding to that of the United States, has been the only one employed . One See also:

• DOLLAR

dollar is divided into one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred cents (£r =$4.86i) . The money in circulation consists of a limited number of notes issued by the federal government, and the notes of the chartered See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, together with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, silver and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin . Previous to 1906 this coin was minted in England, but in that year a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the royal See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint was established at Ottawa . Though the whole See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial system rests on the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the gold See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, gold coin plays a much smaller part in daily business than in England, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France or See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . United States' notes and silver are usually received at See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par; those of other nations are subject to a varying rate of See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange . The banking system, which retains many features of the Scotch system, on which it was originally modelled, combines See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security for the See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-holders and depositors with prompt increase and diminution of the circulation in accordance with the varying conditions of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . This is especially important in a country where the large See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop renders an additional quantity of money necessary on very short See also:

• NOTICE

notice during the autumn and winter . There has been no successful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to introduce the "wild cat" banking , which had such disastrous effects in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days of the western states . Since federation no chartered See also:

• BANK

bank has been compelled to liquidate without paying its note-holders in full .

The larger banks are chartered by the federal government; in the smaller towns a number of private banks remain, but their importance is small, owing to the great facilities given to the chartered banks by the branch system . In 1906 there were 34 chartered banks, of which the branches had grown from 619 in 1900 to 1565 in 1906, and the number since then has rapidly increased . The banks are required by law to furnish to the finance See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister detailed monthly statements which are published in the official See also:

• GAZETTE