FLOUR  and FLOUR MANUFACTURE . The See also:

• TERM

term " flour " (Fr. fleur, See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower, i.e. the best See also:

• PART

part) is usually applied to the triturated farinaceous constituents of the See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

berry (see WHEAT); it is, however, also used of other cereals and even of leguminoids when ground into a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder, and of many other substances in a pulverulent See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, though in these cases it is usual to speak of See also:

• RYE

rye flour, See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

bean flour, &c . The flour obtained from oats is generally termed oatmeal . In See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain wheaten flour was commonly known in the 16th and 17th centuries as See also:

• MEAL

meal, and up to the beginning of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, or perhaps later, the term mealing See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade was not infrequently used of the milling trade . The ancestor of the millstone was apparently a rounded See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone about the See also:

• SIZE

size of a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's fist, with which See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain or nuts were pounded and crushed into a See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude meal . These stones grinding . grinding. are generally of hard See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone and were evidently used against another stone, which by dint of continual hammering was broken into hollows . Sometimes the' crusher was used on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of rocks . St See also:

• BRIDGET, BRIGITTA, BIIGITTA, OF SWEDEN, SAINT (c. 1302-1373)
• BRIDGET, SAINT

Bridget's stone, on the See also:

• SHORE

shore of Lough Macnean, is supposed to have been a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive Irish See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill; there are many depressions in the See also:

• FATE

fate of the table= like See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, and it is probable that See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round this stone several See also:

• WOMEN

women (for in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization the preparation of flour was peculiarly the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the women) would stand and grind, or rather See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound, meal . Many such stones, known as Bullan stones, still exist in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . Similar remains are found in the Orkneys and Shetlands; and it is on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record that some of these stones have been used for flour-making within historic times . See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• BENNETT, CHARLES EDWIN (1858- )
• BENNETT, JAMES GORDON (1794-1872)
• BENNETT, JOHN
• BENNETT, JOHN HUGHES (1812–1875)
• BENNETT, SIR WILLIAM STERNDALE (1816-1875)

Bennett in his See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

Corn Milling remarks that the See also:

• SENECA

Seneca See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day See also:

• BOIL

boil See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize and crush it into a See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste between loose stones .

In the same way the See also:

• OMAHAS

Omahas pound this cereal in holes in the rocks, while the See also:

• OREGON

Oregon Indians parch and pound the capsules of the yellow See also:

• LILY

lily, much after the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion described by See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus in his See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Egyptians . In See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian squaws make a sort of paste by crushing acorns between a round stone or " See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

muller," and a cuplike hollow in the surface of a rock . Crushing stones are of different shapes, ranging from the primitive 'See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball-like See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement to an elongated shape resembling the pestle of a See also:

• MORTAR

mortar . Mullers of the latter type are not infrequent among prehistoric remains in See also:

• AMERICA

America,' while Dr See also:

• SCHLIEMANN, HEINRICH (1822-1890)

Schliemann discovered several == specimens of the globular See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form on the reputed site of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of ,See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy, and also among the ruins of ' See also:

• MYCENAE

Mycenae . As la See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact stone mullers survived in highly civilized countries into See also:

• MODERN

Modern days, if indeed they are now altogether 'See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . The See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle-stone is the connecting See also:

• LINK

link between the primitive pounder, or muller, and the See also:

• QUERN

quern, which was itself the See also:

• DIRECT

direct ancestor of the millstones still used to some extent ad in the manufacture' of flour . = The saddle-stone, the stonase.• first true grinding implement, consisted of a stone with a more dr less See also:

• CONCAVE

concave See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face on which the grain was spread, and in and along this hollow surface it was rubbed and ground into coarse meal . "Saddle-stories have been discovered in the See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand caves of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, among the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake dwellings of See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, in the dolmens of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in the See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit dwellings of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles, and among the remains of primitive folk all the See also:

• WORLD

world over . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans of the classical See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period seem to have distinguished the saddle-stone from the quern . We find allusions to the mola trusatilis, which may be translated the thrusting mill "; this would fairly describe a backwards and forwards See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion . The mola versatilis evidently referred to the revolving millstone or quern . In primitive parts of the world the saddle-stone is not yet extinct, as for instance in See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico .

It is known as the metata, and is used both for grinding maize and for making the maize cakes known as tortillas . The same implement is apparently still in use in some parts of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South America, notably in See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile . According to Richard Bennett, the quern,. the first See also:

• COMPLETE

complete milling mathine, originated in Italy and is in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability not older than the and century B.C . This is, however, Quern. a controverted point . Querns are still used in most primitive countries, nor is it certain that they have altogether disappeared from remoter districts of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and Ireland . Whatever was their origin, they revolutionized flour milling . The rotary motion of millstones became the essential principle of the trituration of grain, and exists to-day in the rolls of the See also:

• ROLLER

roller mill . The early quern appears to have differed from its descendants in that it was soniewhat globular in. shape, the See also:

• LOWER

lower stone being made conical, possibly with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that the ground flour should be provided with a downward flow to enable it to fall from the stones . This type did not, however, persist . Gradually the convexity disappeared and the surface of the two stones became See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat or very nearly so . In the upper stone was a See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• FUNNEL (through an O. Fr. founil, found in Breton, from Lat. infundibulum, that through which anything is poured, from fundere, to pour)

funnel, through which the grain passed as through a hopper, making its way thence, as the stone revolved, into the space between the See also:

• RUNNING

running and the ' See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed stone . The ground meal was discharged at the periphery .

The runner, or upper stone, was provided with a wooden handle by which the stone was revolved: The typical See also:

• ROMAN

Roman mill of the Augustan See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age may' be seen at See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii . Here, in what is believed to have been a public pistrinum or mill, were found four pairs of mill-stones . The circular See also:

• BASE

base of these See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills is 5 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and i ft. high, and upon it was fastened the See also:

• META

meta, a See also:

• BLUNT, JOHN HENRY (1823–1884)
• BLUNT, JOHN JAMES (1794–1855)
• BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (184o— )

blunt See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone abbut 2 ft. high, on which fitted the upper millstone or catillus, also conical . These mills were evidently rotated by slave labour, as there was no See also:

• ROOM

room for the=perambulation of a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse or donkey, while the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side-lugs in which the handle-bars were inserted are plainly visible . Slave labour was generally used up to the introduction of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, but was finally abolished by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, though even after his See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict mills continued to be driven by criminals . The Romans are credited by some authorities with having first applied See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to the See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving of millstones, which ; they connected with See also:

• WATER

water-wheels by a See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal spindle through the intervention of See also:

• BEVEL (from an O. Fr. word, cf. mod. biveau, a joiner's instrument)

bevel gearing . But See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long use of pliWer . after millstones had been, harnessed to water power slave labour was largely employed as a See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive force . The water-mill of the Romans was introduced at a relatively early period into Britain . Domesday See also:

• BOOK

Book shows that See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England was covered by mills of a. See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, and mentions some Soo mills in the counties of See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk and See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk alone . No doubt the mike of Domesday Book consisted of one pair of stones connected by rude gearing with a water-See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel . Windmills are said to have been introduced by the Crusaders, who brought them from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East .

See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

Steam power is believed to have been first used in a British flour mill towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 18th century, when See also:

• BOULTON, MATTHEW (1728-1809)

Boulton & See also:

• WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt installed a steam See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine in the See also:

• ALBION
• ALBION (in Ptolemy 'A)wviw; Lat. Albion, Pliny 4.16[301,102)

Albion Flour Mills in See also:

• LONDON

London, erected under the care of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• RENNIE, JOHN (1761–1821)

Rennie . Another great engineer, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• FAIRBAIRN, ANDREW MARTIN (1838- )
• FAIRBAIRN, SIR WILLIAM

Fairbairn, in the early days of the 19th century, See also:

• LEFT

left the impress of his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius on the mill and all its accessories . He was followed by other See also:

• CLEVER

clever See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers, and in the days immediately preceding the roller period many improvements were introduced as regards the balancing and driving of millstones . The introduction of the blast and exhaust to keep the stones cool was a great step in advance, while the substitution of See also:

• SILK

silk See also:

• GAUZE

gauze for woollen or See also:

• LINEN

linen bolting See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th century, marked another era in British milling . Millstones, as used just before the introduction of roller milling, were from 4 to 42 ft. in diameter by some 12 in. in thickness, and were usually made of a siliceous stone, known as buhr-stone, much of which came from the See also:

• QUARRY

quarry of La Ferte-sous-Jouarre, in France . - Nine-tenths, or perhaps ninety-nine hundredths, of all the flour consumed in Great Britain is made in roller mills, that is, Roller mills in which the wheat is broken and floured by n,imnB: means of rollers, some grooved in varying degrees of fineness, some smooth, their See also:

• WORK

work being preceded and supplemented by a wide range of other machinery . All roller mills worthy of the name are completely automatic, that is to say, from the time the raw material enters the mill warehouse till it is sacked, either in the shape of finished flour or of offals, it is touched by no human See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . The history of roller milling extends back to the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th century . Roller mills, that is to say, See also:

• MACHINES

machines fitted with rolls set either horizontally, or. vertically, or obliquely, for the grinding of corn, are said to have been used as 'far back as the 17th century, but if this be so it is certain that they were only used in a tentative manner . Towards the middle of the 19th century the See also:

• FIRM

firm of E . R . & F .

See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

Turner, of See also:

• IPSWICH

Ipswich, began to build roller mills for breaking wheat as a preliminary to the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of the resultant middlings on millstones . The rolls were made of chilled See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and were provided with serrated edges, which must have exercised a tearing See also:

• ACTION

action on. the integuments of the berry . These mills were built to the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German engineer, of the name of G . A . See also:

• BUCHHOLZ

Buchholz, and were exhibited at the London See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of 1862, but they never came into See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use . It has also been stated that as early as 1823 a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French engineer, named See also:

• COLLIER, ARTHUR (1680-1732)
• COLLIER, JEREMY (1650-1726)
• COLLIER, JOHN PAYNE (1789–1883)

Collier, of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, patented a roller mill, while five years later a certain See also:

• MALAR

Malar took out another French patent, the See also:

• SPECIFICATION (from Med. Lat. specificatio, specificare, to enumerate or mention in detail)

specification of which speaks of grooves and See also:

• DIFFERENTIAL

differential speeds . But the direct ancestors of the roller mills of the See also:

• PRESENT

present day were brought out some time in the third See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of the 19th century by a Swiss engineer named Sulzberger . His apparatus was rather cumbrous, and the chilled iron rolls with which it was fitted consumed a large amount of power relatively to the work effected . But the Pester Walz-Mtihle, founded in 1839 by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• SZECHENYI, ISTVAN, COUNT (1791-186o)

Szechenyi, a Hungarian nobleman, which took its name from the roller mills with which it was equipped by Sulzberger, was for many years a great success; some of its roller mills are said to have been kept at work for upwards of See also:

• FORTY

forty years, and one at least is preserved in the museum at See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest . It may be noted that Hungarian wheat is hard and flinty and well adapted for treatment by rolls . Moreover, See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual reduction, as now understood, was more or less practised in Hungarian See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, even before the introduction of roller practice, milling . Though millstones, and not rolls, were used, yet the, wheat was not floured at one operation, as in typical See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low or flat grinding, but was reduced to flour in several successive operations .

In the first break the stones would be placed just wide enough apart to " end " the wheat, and in each succeeding operation the stones were brought closer together . But Hungarian milling was not then automatic in the sense in which British millers understand the word . For a long time a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of hand labour was employed in the See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant mills of Budapest in carrying about products from one See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine to another for further treatment . This practice may have been partly due to the cheap labour available, but it was also the deliberate policy of Hungarian millers to handle in this way the middlings and fine " dunst," because it was maintained that only thus could certain products be delivered to the machine by which they were to be treated in the perfection of See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . The results were See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good so far as the finished products were concerned, but in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of modern automatic milling the See also:

• SYSTEM

system appears uneconomical . Not only did it postulate an inordinately large See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, but it further increased the labour See also:

• BILL

bill by the demand it made on the number of sub-foremen who were occupied in classifying, largely by See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch, the various products, and directing the labourers under them . Hungarian milling still differs widely from milling as practised in Great Britain in being a longer system . This is due to the more See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute subdivision of products, a necessary consequence of the large number of grades of flour and offals made. in Hungary, where there are many intermediate varieties of middlings and " dunst " for which no corresponding terms are available in an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

miller's vocabulary . It will be convenient here to explain the meaning of three terms constantly used by millers, namely, semolina, middlings and See also:

• DUNS

duns' . These three products of roller mills are practically identical in See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, but represent mld sedUnmo/'na,g,, different stages in the See also:

• PROCESS

process of reducing the endo- inst. sperm of the wheat to flour . A wheat berry is covered by several layers of skin, while under these layers is the floury See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel or endosperm . This the break or grooved rolls tend to See also:

• TEAR

tear and break up .

The largest of these more or less cubical particles are known as semolina, whilst the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium-sized are called middlings and the smallest sized termed dunst . The last is a German word, with several meanings, but is used in this particular sense by German and See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian millers, from whom it was doubtless borrowed by the pioneers of roller milling in England . If we were to See also:

• LAY

lay a See also:

• SAMPLE (through the O. Fr. essemple, from Lat. exemplum; a doublet of " example ")

sample of fairly granular flour beside a sample of small dunst the two would be easy to distinguish, but See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place a magnifying See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass over the flour and it would look very like the dunst . If we were to repeat this experiment on dunst and fine middlings, the former would under the glass present a strong resemblance to the middlings . The same effect would be produced by the putting side by side of large middlings and small semolina . This is a broad description of semolina, middlings and dunst . Semolina and middlings are more See also:

• APT

apt to vary in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance than dunst, because the latter is the product of the later stages of the milling process and represents small particles of the floury kernel tolerably See also:

• FREE

free from such impurities . as See also:

• BRAN

bran or fluff . The flour producing middlings must not be confounded with the variety of wheat See also:

• OFFAL

offal which is also known to many English millers as middlings . This consists of husk or bran, more or less comminuted, and with a certain proportion of floury particles adherent . It is only See also:

• FIT

fit for feeding beasts . The spread of roller milling on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe was undoubtedly accelerated by the invention of See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain rolls, by See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Wegmann, a Swiss miller, which were brought into general use in the seventh decade of the 19th century, and are still widely employed . They are admirably fitted for the reduction of semolina, middlings and dunst into flour; and for reducing pure middlings, that is, middlings containing no bran or wheat husk, there is perhaps nothing that quite equals them .

They were introduced into Great Britain in 1877, or thereabouts, and were used for several years, but ultimately they almost disappeared from British mills . This was partly due to the fact that as made at that date they were rather difficult to work, as it was not easy to keep the rolls perfectly parallel . Another See also:

• DRAWBACK

drawback was their in-adaptability to over-heavy feeds, to which the British, and perhaps still more the See also:

• AMERICAN

American, miller is frequently obliged to resort . However, since the beginning of the loth century some of the most advanced flour mills in England have again Porcelain rolls . taken to using porcelain rolls for some part of their reduction process . The See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of roller milling in Great Britain may be said to date from 1872, when Oscar Oexle, a German milling engineer, Roller erected a set of roller mills in the Tradeston Mills, m1/!mg in See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow . This was long before the introduction of In automatic roller mills . But the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the England millstone system were not seriously disturbed till 1877, when a party of leading British and Irish millers visited See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna and Budapest with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of studying roller milling in its native See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . In x878 J . H . See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter installed in the mill of J . Boland, of See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, what was probably the first complete automatic roller plant erected in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, and in 188r a milling exhibition held at the Royal Agricultural See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, London, showed the automatic roller system in complete operation .

From that time the roller system made great progress . By 1885 many of the leading British millers had installed full roller See also:

• PLANTS

plants, and in the succeeding ten years small roller plants were installed in many See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country mills . For a time there was a transition See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in which there was in operation a number of so-called " combined " plants, that is to say, mills in which the wheat was broken on millstones or disk mills, while the middlings were reduced by smooth rolls; but these gradually dropped out of being . Well-found British flour mills at the present time are probably the best fitted in the world, and as a whole have nothing to fear from comparison with their American competitors . It is true that American millers were rather quicker to copy Hungarian milling methods so far as gradual reduction was concerned . But from about 188o the British miller was quite awake to his position and was straining every See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve to provide himself with a plant capable of dealing with every kind of wheat . It has often been said that he commands the wheat of the whole world . This is true in a sense, but it is not true that he can always command the exact kind of wheat he requires at the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price required to meet See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign competition: Therein he is at a disadvantage . But engineers have done their best to meet this weak point, and by their assistance he is able to compete under almost all conditions with the millers of the whole world . Processes of Milling.—Fully to appreciate the various processes of modern milling, it must be remembered not only that the wheat as delivered at the mill is dusty and mixed with sand and even more objectionable refuse, but also that it contains many light grains and seeds of other plants . It is not therefore sufficient for the miller to be able to reduce the grain to flour on the most approved principles; he must also have at command the means of freeing it from foreign substances, and further of " conditioning " it, should it be See also:

• DAMP

damp or over dry and harsh . Again, his operations must be conducted with reference to the structure of the wheat grain .

The wheat berry is a See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, not a See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed, the actual seed being the germ or embryo, a See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney-shaped See also:

• BODY

body which is found at the base of the berry and is connected with the plumule or See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root . The germ is tough in texture and is in roller milling easily separated from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the berry, being flattened instead of crushed by the rolls and thus readily sifted from the stock . The germ contains a good deal of fatty matter, which, if allowed to remain, would not increase the keeping qualities of the flour . Botanists distinguish five skins on the berry—epidermis, epicarp, endicarp, episperm' and embryous membrane—but for See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purposes the number of integuments may be taken as three . The inner skin is often as thick as the See also:

• OUTER

outer and second skins together, which are largely composed of woody fibre; it contains the cerealin or aleurone cells, but although these are made up of a certain proportion of proteids, on account of the discolouring and diastasic action of the cerealin in flour they are best eliminated . The endosperm, or floury kernel, coming next to the inner skin, consists of See also:

• STARCH

starch granules which are caught as it were in the minute meshes of a See also:

• NET

net . This network is the See also:

• GLUTEN

gluten, and it may be noted that these meshes are not of equal consistency throughout the berry, but are usually finer and more dense near the husk than in the interior of the kernel . This glutinous portion is of great importanceto the See also:

• BAKER, HENRY (1698-1774)
• BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907)
• BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1644/5)
• BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893)
• BAKER, THOMAS (1656-1740)
• BAKER, VALENTINE [BAKER PASHA] (1827-1887)

baker because on its quantity and quality depends the " strength or rising power of the flour, and the aim of modern roller milling is to retain. it as completely as possible, a matter of some difficulty owing to its close adherence to the husk, especially in the richest wheats . Another See also:

• ORGAN

organ of the wheat berry which has a most important bearing on the work of the miller is the See also:

• PLACENTA (Lat. for a cake)

placenta, which is in effect a See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord connecting the berry with its stalk or See also:

• STRAW

straw . The placenta serves to See also:

• FILTER (a word common in various forms to most European languages, adapted from the medieval Lat. fi-ltrum, felt, a material used as a filtering agent)

filter the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food which the plant sucks up from the ground; it passes up the crease of the berry, and is enfolded in the middle skin, being protected on the outer side by the first and having the third or inner skin on its other side . A good deal of the matters filtered by the placenta are See also:

• MINERAL

mineral in their nature, and such portions as are not digested remain in the crease . This is the matter which millers See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call " crease dirt." It is highly discolouring to flour, and must be carefully eliminated .

The fuzzy end of the berry known as the See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard also has a distinct See also:

• FUNCTION

function; its hairs are in reality tubes which serve to carry off superfluous moisture . They have, in See also:

• COMMON

common with the bran, no nutritive value . (See also WHEAT.) In the old " flat " or " low " milling the object was to grind as perfectly as possible, at one operation, the central substance of the grain, constituting the flour, and to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate it from the embryo and outer skins constituting the bran . In " high " milling, on the other hand, the grinding is effected in a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of operations, the aim being to get as much semolina and middlings as possible from the wheat, and to make as. little flour as possible during the earlier or " breaking " part of the process . It is impossible altogether to avoid the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of flour at this stage, but properly set and worked break-rolls will make as little as 15% of " break-flour," which is of less value, being contaminated with crease dirt, and also because it is weak owing to the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the gluten cells which adhere more readily to the middlings . Whole wheaten flour, some-times called See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham flour, consists of the entire grain ground up to a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass . Wheat cleaning has been well called the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of all good milling . In the See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, as the wheat-cleaning See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the mill is termed, will be found an See also:

• ARRAY (from the O. Fr. areyer, Med. Lat. arredare, to get ready)

array of machinery See also:

• BRY, THEODORUS [DnzK] DE (1528–1598)

Bry almost equal in range and variety to that in the mill ning itself . The wheat, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by an elevator from the See also:

• BARGE (Med. Lat. barca, possibly connected with Lat. baris, Gr. flaps, a boat used on the Nile)

barge, cle a or hoisted in sacks, is first treated by a machine known as a See also:

• WARE

ware-house separator . This apparatus accomplishes its work by means of flat See also:

• SIEVES

sieves, some of which will be of much coarser mesh than others, and of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air currents, the See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment of which is a more delicate task than might appear . The warehouse separator serves to free dirty wheat of such impurities as lumps of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, stones, straws and sand, not to mention small seeds, also some maize, oats and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley . Great care has to be exercised in all operations of the screen house lest wheat should pass away with the screenings .

Besides the warehouse separator, which is made in different types and sizes, grading and sorting cylinders, and what are known as See also:

• COCKLE
• COCKLE, SIR JAMES (1819-1395)

cockle and barley cylinders, are much used in the screen house . These cylinders are provided with indents so shaped and of such size as to catch seeds which are smaller than wheat, and reject grains, as of barley or oats, which are longer than wheat . Sorting cylinders should be followed by machines known as scourers, the function of which is to free the wheat from adherent impurities . These machines are of different types, but all depend on percussive action . A See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical scourer consists of a number of See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel or iron beaters attached to a vertical spindle which revolves inside a metallic See also:

• WOVEN

woven or perforated casing, the whole being fitted with an effectual exhaust . Scourers with horizontal spindles are also in great favour . Not every wheat is suitable for scouring, but some wheats are so mingled with impuritiesthat a severe action between the beaters and the perforated See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case is absolutely necessary . The most efficient scourer is that which frees the wheat from the greatest amount of impurity with a mini-mum of See also:

• ABRASION (from Lat. ab, off, and radere, to scrape)

abrasion . The beaters should be adjustable to suit different kinds of wheat . Scourers are followed by See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush machines which are similar to the last and are of three distinct types: solid, divided and cone brushes . In the solid variety the brush surface is continuous around the circumference of a revolving See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder; in divided brushes there is often a set of beaters or bars covered with brush but leaving intermediate spaces; while the cone brush consists of beaters covered with fibre arranged like cones around a vertical spindle . The object of all these brushes, the cylinder containing them being fitted with an exhaust See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan, is to See also:

• POLISH

polish the. wheat and remove adhering impurities which the percussive action of the scourer may have failed to eliminate, also to remove the beard or fuzzy end and any loose portions of the outer husk .

But the miller must be careful not to overdo the scouring action and unnecessarily abrade the berry, else he will have trouble with his flour, the triturated bran breaking under the rolls and producing powder which will discolour the break flour . To remove such metallic fragments as nails, pieces of See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire, &c., magnets are used . These may either be of horseshoe shape, in which case they are usually set at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the wheat spouts, or they may consist of magnetized plates set at angles over which the wheat will slide . It is not a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan to place the magnets just before the first set of break-rolls; where they should ensure the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of steel and iron particles, which might otherwise get between the rolls and spoil the edges of their grooves, and also do damage to the sifting machines . Mention must also be made of the automatic scales which are used to check the milling value of the wheat . In principle these machines are all the same, though details of construction may vary . Each weigher is set for a given See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of grain . As soon as the receiving hopper has poured through a See also:

• VALVE (Lat. valva, a leaf of a double or folding door, allied to volvere, to roll, as of a door on its hinges)

valve into the recipient or skip, which is hung at one end of a See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, a load of grain sufficient to overcome the weight hung at the other end of the beam, the inlet of grain is automatically cut off and the skip is discharged, automatically returning to take another See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge . Each weighing is automatically recorded on a See also:

• DIAL

dial . In this way a record can be kept of the See also:

• GROSS

gross weight of the uncleaned wheat entering the warehouse and of the net weight of the cleaned wheat . The difference between the two weighings will, of course, represent the loss by cleaning . The percentage of flour obtained from a given wheat can be ascertained in the mill itself .

In practice the second weigher is placed just before the first break . The cleansing of wheat by washing only became a fine See also:

• ART

art at the close of the 19th century, though it was practised in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of England some twenty years earlier . Briefly it may be said Wet that certain wheats are washed to free them from extranecteantng ous matters such as adherent earth and similar impurities and See also:

• CON

con- which could not be removed by dry cleaning wit