See also:

• FOLKLAND (folcland)

FOLKLAND (folcland)  . This See also:

• TERM

term occurs three times in Anglo-Saxon documents . In a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder (c. i . 2) it is contrasted with bookland in a way which shows that these two kinds of See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure formed the two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main subdivisions of landowner-See also:

• SHIP

ship: no one is to deny right to another in respect of See also:

• FOLKLAND (folcland)

folkland or bookland . By a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of 863 (See also:

• COD

Cod . Dipl . 281), See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King 'Ethelberht exchanges five hides of folkland for five hides of bookland which had formerly belonged to a thane, granting the latter for the newly-acquired estates exemption from all fiscal exactions except the threefold public See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation of attending the See also:

• FYRD

fyrd and joining in the repair of fortresses and See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges . Evidently folkland was not See also:

• FREE

free from the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of gafal (See also:

• LAND

land tax) and providing quarters for the king's men . In ealdorman See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred's will the testator disposes freely of his bookland estates in favour of his sons and his daughter, but to a son who is not considered as rightful offspring five hides of folkland are See also:

• LEFT

left, provided the king consents . It is probable that folkland is meant in two or three cases when Latin documents speak of terra rei publicae :lure possessa . Two See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal explanations have been given to this term . See also:

• ALLEN, BOG OF
• ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
• ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
• ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
• ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
• ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)

Allen thought that folkland was similar to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman ager publicus: it was the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the nation (foie), and the king had to dispose of it by See also:

• CARVING

carving out dependent tenures for his followers more or less after the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental beneficia .

These estates remained subject to the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior ownership of the folk and of the king: they could eventually be taken back by the latter and, in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir of a holder of folkland had to be confirmed in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession by the king . A See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of See also:

• BEDE, BEDA, or B
• BEDE, CUTHBERT

Bede to the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop See also:

• ECGBERT, or ECGBERHT (d. 766)
• ECGBERT, or ECGBERHT (d. 839)

Ecgbert of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York may be interpreted to apply to this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of tenure . See also:

• KEMBLE
• KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL (1807-1857)

Kemble, K . See also:

• MAURER, GEORG LUDWIG VON (1790-1872)

Maurer, H . C . See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

Lodge, See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs and others followed Allen's See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead . Another theory was started by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• VINOGRADOFF, PAUL (1854- )

Vinogradoff in an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on folkland in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English lust . See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review for 1893 . It considers folkland as landownership by folkright—at common law, as might be said in See also:

• MODERN

modern legal speech . In opposition to it bookland appears as landownership derived from royal See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege . The incidents recorded in the charters characterize folkland as subject to See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary fiscal burdens and to limitations in respect of testamentary See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . Thane Wallaf has to be relieved from fiscal exactions when his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate is converted from folkland into bookland (c.D .

281) . Ealdorman Alfred's son, not being recognized as legitimate, has to claim folkland not by See also:

• DIRECT

direct succession or devise, but by the consent of the king . These incidents and limitations are thrown into See also:

• RELIEF

relief by copious illustrations as to the fundamental features of bookland contained in the number-less " books." These are exemptions from fiscal dues and freedom of disposition of the owner . This view of the See also:

• MATTER

matter has been accepted by the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief modern authorities .