See also:

• MARQUIS

MARQUIS DE See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS See also:

• MARQUIS DE LOUIS FONTANES (1757-1821)

FONTANES (1757-1821)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French poet and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• NIORT

Niort (Deux Sevres) on the 6th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1957 . He belonged to a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc which had been reduced to poverty by the revocation of the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes . His See also:

• FATHER

father and grandfather remained Protestant, but he was himself brought up as a See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic . His parents died in 1774-1775, and in 1777 See also:

• FONTANES, LOUIS, MARQUIS DE (1757-1821)

Fontanes went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he found a friend in the dramatist J . F . See also:

• DUCIS, JEAN

Ducis . His first published poems, some of which were inspired by See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MODELS

models, appeared in the Almanach See also:

• DES

des See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

Muses; " Le Cri de mon cceur," describing his own sad childhood, in 1778; and " La Foret de See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre " in 1780 . His See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation from See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope, L'Essai sur l'homme, was published with an elaborate See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface in 1783, and La See also:

• CHARTREUSE
• CHARTREUSE, LA GRANDE

Chartreuse and Le Jour des moils in the same See also:

• YEAR

year, Le See also:

• VERGER (ALE. vergere; O. Fr. vergier; Med. Lat. virgarius, one who bears a rod or staff, an apparitor; Lat. virga, rod)

Verger in 1788 and his Epitre sur l'edit en faveur des non-catholiques, and the Essai sur l'astronomie in 1789 . Fontanes was a moderate reformer, and in 1790 he became See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-editor of the Moderateur . He married at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons in 1792, and his wife's first See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child was born during their See also:

• FLIGHT

flight from thesiege of that See also:

• TOWN

town . Fontanes was in hiding in Paris when the four citizens of Lyons were sent to the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention to protest against the cruelties of See also:

• COLLOT

Collot d'Herbois . The See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by Fontanes, and the authorship being discovered, he fled from Paris and found shelter at Sevran, near Livry, and afterwards at Andelys .

On the fall of See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre he was made See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of literature in the l See also:

• COLE, SIR HENRY (1808–1882)
• COLE, THOMAS (1801–1848)
• COLE, TIMOTHY (1852– )
• COLE, VICAT (1833–1893)

cole Centrale des Quatre-Nations, and he was one of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original members of the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute . In the Memorial, a See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal edited by La Harpe, he discreetly advocated reaction to the monarchical principle . He was exiled by the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory and made his way to See also:

• LONDON

London, where he was closely associated with See also:

• CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE (1768–1848)

Chateaubriand . He soon returned to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and his admiration for See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, who commissioned him to write an 'loge on See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, secured his return to the Institute and his See also:

• POLITICAL

political promotion . In 1802 he was elected to the legislative chamber, of which he was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president from 1804 to 1810 . Other honours and titles followed . He has been accused of servility to Napoleon, but he had the courage to remonstrate with him on the judicial See also:

• MURDER

murder of the duc d'See also:

• ENGHIEN
• ENGHIEN, LOUIS ANTOINE HENRI DE BOURBON

Enghien, and as See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the university of Paris (1808-1815) he consistently supported religious and monarchical principles . He acquiesced in the See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon restoration, and was made a See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis in 1817 . He died on the 17th of March 1821 in Paris, leaving eight cantos of an unfinished epic poem entitled La Grece sauvee . The See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse of Fontanes is polished and musical in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . It was not collected until 1839, when Sainte-Beuve edited the Euvres (2 vols.) of Fontanes, with a sympathetic See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical study of the author and his career . But by that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the Romantic See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement was in the ascendant and Fontanes met with small appreciation .

FONTENAY-LE-See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

COMTE, a town of western France, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• VENDEE
• VENDEE, WARS OF THE

Vendee 3o m . N.E. of La Rochelle on the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State railway between that town and See also:

• SAUMUR

Saumur . Pop . (1906) town, 7639; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, 10,326 . Fontenay, an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and straggling town, is situated a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the See also:

• FOREST

forest of Vouvant and on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Vendee, at the point where it becomes navigable . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame (15th to 18th centuries), which has a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• SPIRE

spire and a richly sculptured western entrance, and the church of St See also:

• JEAN

Jean (16th and 17th centuries) are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief religious buildings . The town has several houses of the 16th and 17th centuries . The most remarkable of these is the Had de Terre See also:

• NEUVE (c. 1235–1313)

Neuve (1595-1600), which contains much See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich decoration together with collections of See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture and See also:

• TAPESTRY

tapestry . Fontenay was the birthplace of many prominent men during the 15th and 16th centuries, and the See also:

• FONTAINE, PIERRE FRANCOIS LEONARD (1762-1853)

Fontaine des Quatre-Tias, a See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain in the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance style, given to the town by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I., commemorates the fact . The chief square is named after See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Viete, the See also:

• GREAT

great mathematician, who was born at Fontenay in 1540 . The public institutions of the town include a tribunal of first instance and a communal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college . Among its See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are the manufacture of See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt hats, oil and See also:

• SOAP

soap and See also:

• TIMBER

timber-sawing, See also:

• FLOUR

flour-milling and tanning .

There is See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in horses, mules, timber, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, &c . Fontenay was in existence as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the time of the Gauls . The affix of " comte " is said to have been applied to it when it was taken by King See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis IX. from the family of See also:

• LUSIGNAN

Lusignan and given to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• POITOU

Poitou, under whom it became capital of Bas-Poitou . Ceded to the English by the treaty of Bretigny in 136o it was retaken in 1372 by Duguesclin . It suffered repeated See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture during the Religious See also:

• WARS

Wars of the 16th century, was dismantled in 1621 and was occupied both by the republicans and the Vendeans in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1793, From 1790 to 1806 it was capital of the department of Vendee .