FEAST OF See also:

• FEAST OF FOOLS (Lat. festum stultorum, fatuorum, follorum, Fr. fete des fous)

FOOLS (See also:

• LAT

Lat. festum stultorum, fatuorum, follorum, Fr. fete See also:

• DES

des fous)  , the name for certain See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque quasi-religious festivals which, during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, were the ecclesiastical counterpart of the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular revelries of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord of See also:

• MISRULE, LORD OF

Misrule . The celebrations are directly traceable to the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan Saturnalia of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, which in spite of the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion, of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, and of the denunciation of bishops and ecclesiastical See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, continued to be celebrated by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people on the Kalends of See also:

• JANUARY

January with all their old See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence . The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom; indeed, so far from dying out, was adopted by the See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian conquerors and spread among the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Goths in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, Alemanni in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and Anglo-See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . So See also:

• LATE

late as the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Burchard of See also:

• WORMS

Worms thought it necessary to fulminate against the excesses connected. with it (Decretum, xix. c . 5, See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, Patrologia See also:

• LAT

lat . 140, p . 965) . Then, just as it appears to have been sinking into oblivion among the people, the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy themselves gave it the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a specific religious festival . Certain days seem See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early to have been set apart as See also:

• SPECIAL

special festivals for different orders of the clergy: the feast of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 26) for the deacons, St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day (December 27) for the priests, See also:

• HOLY

Holy Innocents' Day for the boys, and for the sub-deacons See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

Circumcision, the See also:

• EPIPHANY, FEAST OF

Epiphany, or the 11th of January . The Feast of Holy Innocents became a See also:

• REGULAR

regular festival of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, in which a boy, elected by his See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir school, functioned solemnly as bishop or See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop, surrounded by the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder choir-boys as his clergy, while the canons and other clergy took the humbler seats . At first there is no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to prove that these celebrations were characterized by any specially indecorous behaviour; but in the 12th century such behaviour had become the See also:

• RULE

rule . In 118o See also:

• JEAN

Jean Beleth, of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

• AMIENS

Amiens, calls the festival of the sub-deacons festum stultorum (Migne, See also:

• PATROL, (Fr. patrouiller, connected with pane, foot)

Patrol. lat .

202, p . 79) . The burlesque See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual which characterized the Feast of See also:

• FOOLS, FEAST OF (Lat. festum stultorum, fatuorum, follorum, Fr. fete des fous)

Fools throughout the middle ages was now at its height . A See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young sub-See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon was elected bishop, vested in the episcopal insignia (except the See also:

• MITRE (Lat. mitra, from Gr. j4rpa, a band, head-band, head-dress)

mitre) and conducted by his fellows to the See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary . A See also:

• MOCK

mock See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass was begun, during which the lections were read cum farsia, obscene songs were sung and dances performed, cakes and sausages eaten at the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, and See also:

• CARDS, PLAYING

cards and See also:

• DICE (plural of die, O. Fr. de, derived from Lat. dare, to give)

dice played upon it . This burlesquing of things universally held sacred, though condemned by serious-minded theologians, conveyed to the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child-like popular mind of the middle ages no See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of contempt, though when belief in the doctrines and See also:

• RITES

rites of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church was shaken it became a ready See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument in the hands of those who sought to destroy them . Of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of retribution See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott in The See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

Abbot gives a vivid picture, the Protestants interrupting the mass celebrated by the trembling remnant of the monks in the ruined See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey church, and insisting on substituting the traditional Feast of Fools . This naive See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper of the middle ages is nowhere more conspicuously displayid than in the Feast of the See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

Ass, which under various forms was celebrated in a large number of churches throughout the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West . The ass had been introduced into the ritual of the church in the 9th century, representing either See also:

• BALAAM (eit Bil'am; BaAaau; Vg. Balaam; the etymology of the name is uncertain)

Balaam's ass, that which stood with the ox beside the manger at See also:

• BETHLEHEM
• BETHLEHEM (Heb. " House of Bread," or, according to a more questionable etymology, " of [the god] Lakhmu ")

Bethlehem, that which carried the Holy See also:

• FAMILY

Family into See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, or that on which See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ rode in See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph into See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . Often the ass was a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere incident in the Feast of Fools; but sometimes he was the occasion of a special festival, ridiculous enough to See also:

• MODERN

modern notions, but by no means intended in an irreverent spirit . The three most notable celebrations of the Feast of the Ass were at See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen, See also:

• BEAUVAIS

Beauvais and See also:

• SENS

Sens . At Rouen the feast was celebrated on See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas Day, and was intended to represent the times before the coming of Christ .

The service opened with a procession of Old Testament characters, prophets; patriarchs and See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, together with See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen prophets, including See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief figure being Balaam on his ass: The ass was a hollow wooden effigy, within which a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest capered and uttered prophecies . The procession was followed, inside the church, by a curious See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of ritual See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery See also:

• PLAY

play, the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of which, according to the Ordo processionis asinorum secundum Rothomagensem usum, is given in Du Cange . Far more singular was the celebration at Beauvais, which was held on the 14th of January, and represented the See also:

• FLIGHT

flight into Egypt . A richly caparisoned ass, on which was seated the prettiest girl in the See also:

• TOWN

town holding in her arms a baby or a large See also:

• DOLL

doll, was escorted with much pomp from the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral to the church of St See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne . There the procession was received by the priests, who led the ass and its See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden to the sanctuary . Mass was then sung; but instead of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary responses to the Introit, See also:

• KYRIE (in full kyrie eleison, or eleeson, Gr. Kvpte MEssvov; cf. Ps. cxxii. 3, Matt. xv. 22, &c., meaning " Lord, have mercy ")

Kyrie, Gloria, &c., the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation chanted " Hinham " (Hee-haw) three times . The See also:

• RUBRIC (Fr. rubrique, Lat. rubrica, Tuber, red)

rubric of the mass for this feast actually runs: In See also:

• FINE

fine Missae Sacerdos versus ad populunt See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, Ite missa est, Hinhannabit: populus vero See also:

• VICE

vice, Dco Gratias, ter respondebit Hinham, Hinham, Hinham (At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the mass the priest turning to the people instead of saying, De snissa est, shall See also:

• BRAY
• BRAY, SIR REGINALD (d. 1503)
• BRAY, THOMAS (1656-1730)

bray thrice: the people, instead of Deo gratias, shall thrice See also:

• RESPOND

respond Hee-haw, Hee-haw, Hee-haw) . At Sens the Feast of the Ass was associated with the Feast of Fools, celebrated at See also:

• VESPERS (officium vespertinum)
• VESPERS, SICILIAN

Vespers on the Feast of Circumcision . The clergy went in procession to the west See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the church, where two canons received the ass, amid joyous chants, and led it to the See also:

• PRECENTOR (Late Lat. praecentor, from praecipere, to sing before, lead in singing)

precentor's table . Bizarre vespers followed, sung falsetto and consisting of a medley of extracts from all the vespers of the See also:

• YEAR

year . Between the lessons the ass was iolemnly fed, and at the conclusion of the service was led by the precentor out into the square before the church (conductus ad lidos); See also:

• WATER

water was poured on the precentor's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and the ass became the centre of burlesque ceremonies, dancing and buffoonery being carried on far into the See also:

• NIGHT

night, while the clergy and the serious-minded retired to See also:

• MATINS (Fr. matins, med. Lat. matutinae, sc. possibly vigiliae, morning watches; from matutinus, " belonging to the morning ")

matins and See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed . Various efforts were made during the middle ages to abolish the Feast of Fools .

Thus in 1198 the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris suppressedits more obvious indecencies; in 1210 See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III. forbade the feasts of priests, deacons and sub-deacons altogether; and in 1246 Innocent IV. threatened those who disobeyed this See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition with See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication . How little effect this had, however, is shown by the fact that in 1265 See also:

• ODO

Odo, archbishop of Sens, could do no more than prohibit the obscene excesses of the feast, without abolishing the feast itself; that in 1444 the university of Paris, at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of certain bishops, addressed a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter condemning it to all cathedral chapters; and that See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VII. found it necessary to See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order all masters in See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology to forbid it in collegiate churches . The festival was, in fact, too popular to succumb to these efforts, and it survived through-out See also:

• EUROPE

Europe till the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, and even later in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; for in 1645 Mathurin de Neure complains in a letter to See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Gassendi of the monstrous fooleries which yearly on Innocents' Day took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the monastery of the See also:

• CORDELIERS, CLUB OF THE

Cordeliers at See also:

• ANTIBES

Antibes . " Never did pagans," he writes, " solemnize with such extravagance their superstitious festivals as do they .... The See also:

• LAY

lay-See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, the See also:

• CABBAGE

cabbage-cutters, those who See also:

• WORK

work in the See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen .. . occupy the places of the clergy in the church . They See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

don the sacerdotal garments, See also:

• REVERSE

reverse See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side out . They hold in their hands books turned upside down, and pretend to read through See also:

• SPECTACLES

spectacles in which for See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass have been substituted bits of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange-See also:

• PEEL
• PEEL, ARTHUR WELLESLEY PEEL, 1ST VISCOUNT (1829- )
• PEEL, SIR ROBERT, BART

peel." See B . Picart, Ceremonies et coutumes religieuses de taus See also:

• LES

les peuples (1723) ; du Tilliot, Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de in fete See also:

• DES

des Fous (See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne, 1741) ; Aime Cherest, Nouvelles recherches sur la fete des Innocents et la fete des Fous clans plusieurs eglises et notamment clans cellede Sens (Paris, 1853); Schneegans in See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller's Zeitschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur deutsche Kulturgeschichte (1858) ; H . See also:

• BOHMER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1795–1863)

Bohmer, See also:

• ART

art . "Narrenfest in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklop . (ed .

1903); Du Cange, Glossarium (ed . 18$4), s.v .