See also:

• FOOL (O. Fr. fol, modern fou, foolish, from a Late Latin use of follis, bellows, a ball filled with air, for a stupid person, a jester, a wind-bag)

FOOL (O. Fr. fol, See also:

• MODERN

modern fou, foolish, from a See also:

• LATE

Late Latin use of follis, See also:

• BELLOWS
• BELLOWS, ALBERT F
• BELLOWS, HENRY WHITNEY (1814-1882)

bellows, a See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball filled with See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, for a stupid See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, a See also:

• JESTER

jester, a See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-bag)  , a buffoon or See also:

• JESTER

jester . The class of professional See also:

• FOOLS, FEAST OF (Lat. festum stultorum, fatuorum, follorum, Fr. fete des fous)

fools or jesters, which reached its culminating point of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence and recognized See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and See also:

• FUNCTION

function in the social organism during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, appears to have existed in all times and countries . Not only have there always been individuals naturally inclined and endowed to amuse others; Only this much, he was a poor See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's friend, there has been besides in most communities a definite class, the And hclpt the widow often in her end . members of which have used their See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers or weaknesses in this The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king would ever See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant what he would crave, For well he knew Will no exacting See also:

• KNAVE (O.E. cnafa, cognate with Ger. Knabe, boy)

knave." direction as a See also:

• REGULAR

regular means of getting a livelihood . See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

Savage jugglers, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine-men, and even priests, have certainly much in The literature of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period immediately succeeding his See also:

• COMMON

common with the jester by profession . There existed in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient full of allusions to Will See also:

• SOMMERS, WILLIAM (d. 156o)

Sommers . See also:

• GREECE

Greece a distinct class of professed fools whose habits were not See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• TARLETON, SIR BANASTRE (1754-1833)

Tarleton, famous as a comic actor, cannot be omitted essentially different from those of the jesters of the middle ages. from any See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of jesters . A See also:

• BOOK

book of Tarleton's Jests was published Of the behaviour of one of these, named See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon has in 161 r, and, together with his See also:

• NEWS

News out of See also:

• PURGATORY (Late Lat. purgatorium, from purgare, to purge)

Purgatory was re-given apicturesque See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in the Banquet . Philip of Macedon printed by Halliwell See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips for the See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare Society in 1844. is said to have possessed a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• FOOL (O. Fr. fol, modern fou, foolish, from a Late Latin use of follis, bellows, a ball filled with air, for a stupid person, a jester, a wind-bag)

fool, and certainly these (as Archie See also:

• ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1709-1779)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758—1843)
• ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839—1893)
• ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM GEORGE ARMSTRONG, BARON (1810—1900)

Armstrong, for a too See also:

• FREE

free use of wit and See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue against well as court poets and court philosophers, with whom they have See also:

• LAUD (Lat. laws)
• LAUD, WILLIAM (1573-1645)

Laud lost his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and was banished the court . The conduct sometimes been not unreasonably confounded) were common of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop against the poor fool is not the least See also:

• ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item of the in a number of the See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty courts at that era of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . Scurrae See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence which convicts him of a certain narrow mindedness and moriones were the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval witty and pettiness . In See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• HISTORY

history, too, the figure of the court-fool; and during the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire the manufacture of human mon- jester flits across the See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay or sombre See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene at times with fantastic strosities was a regular practice, slaves of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind being much effect .

Caillette and Triboulet are well-known characters of the in See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request to relieve the languid See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours . The jester again has times of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I . Triboulet appears in See also:

• RABELAIS, FRANCOIS (c. 1490—1553)

Rabelais s See also:

• ROMANCE

romance, from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time immemorial existed at eastern courts . Witty stories and is the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo's Le Roi s'amuse, and, with some are told of Bahalul (see D'Herbelot, s.v.) the jester of See also:

• HARUN

Harun al changes, of See also:

• VERDI, GIUSEPPE FORTUNINO FRANCESCO (1813-1901)

Verdi's See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera Rigoletto; while Cl}icot, the lithe and Reshid, which have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long had a place in Western fiction . On the acute Gascon who was so See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close a friend of enry III. is porconquest of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico court fools and deformed human creatures trayed with considerable justness by See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas in his See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame de of all kinds were found at the court of Montezuma . But that Monsoreau . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg had his See also:

• PFAFF, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1765–1825)

Pfaff monarch no doubt See also:

• HIT

hit upon one See also:

• GREAT

great cause of the favourt of Cappadox, See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian I. his Kunz von der Rosen (whose features, monarchs for this class when he said that " more instruction as well as those of Will Sommers, have been preserved by the was to be gathered from them than from wiser men, for they See also:

• PENCIL (Lat. penicillus, brush, literally little tail)

pencil of See also:

• HOLBEIN, HANS

Holbein), and many a petty court its jester after jester . dared to tell the truth." See also:

• DOUCE, FRANCIS (1757-1834)

Douce, in his See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay On the Clowns and See also:

• LATE

Late in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century appeared Le Soltilissime Astaczie di Fools of Shakespeare, has made a ninefold See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of See also:

• ENGLISH

English Bertoldo, which is one of the most remarkable books ever written fools, according to quality and place of employment, as the about a jester . It is by Giulio Cesare Croce, a See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street musician of domestic fool, the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city or See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation fool, the See also:

• TAVERN

tavern fool, the fool See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, and is a comic romance giving an account of the of the mysteries and moralities . The last is generally called the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance at the court of See also:

• ALBOIN (d. 572 or 573)

Alboin king of the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards of a " See also:

• VICE

vice," and is the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original of the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage clowns so common among See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant for a nderfue in ugliness, See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy. and A great The book of the dramatists of the time of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, and who embody so much of the wit of Shakespeare . A very palpable See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification is that which distinguishes between such creatures as were chosen to excite to See also:

• LAUGHTER

laughter from some deformity of mind or See also:

• BODY

body, and such as were so chosen for a certain (to all appearance generally very shallow) alertness of mind and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of repartee,—or briefly, butts and wits . The See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of the regular court fool of the middle ages was not altogether a rigid See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform .

To See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge from the prints and illuminations which are the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of our knowledge on this See also:

• MATTER

matter, it seems to have changed considerably from time to time . The See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head was shaved, the coat was See also:

• MOTLEY
• MOTLEY, JOHN LOTHROP (1814–1897)

motley, and the breeches tight, with generally one See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg different in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour from the other . The head was covered with a garment resembling a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk's See also:

• COWL (through Fr. coule, from Lat. cucullus or cuculla, a covering; the word is found in various forms in most European languages, cf. Ger. Kugel or Kigel, Dutch kovel, Irish cochal or cochull ; the ultimate origin may be the root kal, found in Lat. clam,

cowl, which See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell over the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast and shoulders, and often See also:

• BORE

bore asses' ears, and was crested with a cockscomb, while bells hung from various parts of the attire . The fool's See also:

• BAUBLE (probably a blend of two different words, an old French baubel, a child's plaything, and an old English babyll, something swinging to and fro)

bauble was a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff bearing a ridiculous head, to which was some-times attached an inflated See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder, by means of which sham castigations were effected . A long See also:

• PETTICOAT

petticoat was also occasionally worn, but seems to have belonged rather to the idiots than to the wits . The fool's business was to amuse his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, to excite him to laughter by See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp contrast, to prevent the over-oppression of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state affairs, and, in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with a well-known physiological See also:

• PRECEPT (Lat. praeceptum, a rule, from praecipere, literally to take beforehand, to give rules, instructions or orders)

precept, by his liveliness at meals to assist his See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord's digestion . The names and the witticisms of many of the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official jesters at the courts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe have been preserved by popular or state records . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the list is long between Hitard, the fool of See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund Ironside, and Muckle See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, the fool of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I., and probably the last official royal fool of England . Many are remembered from some connexion with See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general or See also:

• LITERARY

literary history . Scogan was attached to See also:

• EDWARD

Edward IV., and later was published a collection of poor jests ascribed to him, to which See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• BOORDE (or BoRnE), ANDREW (1490?-1549)

Boorde's name was attached, but without authority . Will Sommers, of the time of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII., seems to have been a kind-hearted as well as a witty man, and occasionally used his influence with the king for good and charitable purposes . Armin, who, in his See also:

• NEST

Nest of Ninnies, gives a full description of Sommers, and introduces many popular fools, says of him See also:

• DEATH

death is See also:

• EDITIONS

editions and See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations appeared, and it was even versified .

Though fiction, both the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and the career of Bertoldo are typical of the jester . That the private fool existed as late as the 18th century is proved by See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift's See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph on Dicky See also:

• PEARCE, CHARLES SPRAGUE (1851– )

Pearce, the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk's jester . See Flogel, Geschichte der Hofnarren (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1789) ; See also:

• DORAN, JOHN (1807-1878)

Doran, The . History of Court Fools (1858) . (W .