See also:

• FORMOSA
• FORMOSA (called Taiwan by the Chinese, and following them by the Japanese, into whose possession it came after their war with China in 1895)

FORMOSA (called Taiwan by the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, and following them by the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese, into whose See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession it came after their See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• CHINA

China in 1895)  , an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the western Pacific Ocean, between the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern and the Eastern See also:

• CHINA

China See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, separated from the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese mainland by the See also:

• FORMOSA
• FORMOSA (called Taiwan by the Chinese, and following them by the Japanese, into whose possession it came after their war with China in 1895)

Formosa Strait, which has a width of about go m. in its narrowest See also:

• PART

part . The island is 225 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and from 6o to 8o m. broad, has a See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line measuring 731 m., an See also:

• AREA

area of 13,429 sq. m.—being thus nearly the same See also:

• SIZE

size as Kiushiu, the most southern of the four See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief islands forming the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese See also:

• EMPIRE

empire proper—and extends from 2o° 56' to 25° 15' N. and from 12o° to 122° E . It forms part of the long line of islands which are interposed as a protective barrier between the See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic coast and the See also:

• OUTER

outer Pacific, and is the cause of the See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from typhoons enjoyed by the ports of China from See also:

• AMOY

Amoy to the Yellow Sea . Along the western coast is a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low pMin, not exceeding 20 M. in extreme width; on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east coast there is a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain called Giran; and there are also some fertile valleys in the neighbourhood of Karenko and Pinan, extending up the See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal valleys of the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers Karenko and Pinan, between which and the east coast the Taito range intervenes; but the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the island' is mountainous and covered with virgin See also:

• FOREST

forest . In the plains the See also:

• SOIL

soil is generally of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand or alluvial. See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, covered in the valleys with a rich See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• MOULD

mould . The scenery of Formosa is frequently of majestic beauty, and to this it is indebted for its See also:

• EUROPEAN

European name, happily bestowed by the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish navigators . On the addition of Formosa to her dominions, See also:

• FUJI (Fuji-san, Fujiyama, Fusiyama)

Fuji ceased to be See also:

• JAPAN

Japan's highest See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain, and took the third See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list . See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• MORRISON, ARTHUR (1863– )
• MORRISON, RICHARD JAMES (1795-1874)
• MORRISON, ROBERT (1782-1834)

Morrison (14,27o ft.); which the Japanese re-named Niitaka-See also:

• YAMA (Sanskrit " twin," in allusion to his being twin with his sister Yami, traditionally the first human pair)

yama (New High Mountain), stands first, and Mount Sylvia (12,480 ft.), to which they give the name of Setzu-zan (Snowy Mountain), comes second . Mount Morii'See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun standnearly under the Tropic of See also:

• CANCER (" THE CRAB ")
• CANCER, LUIS (d. 1549)
• CANCER, or CARCINOMA (from Lat. cancer, Gr. KapKivwga, an eating ulcer)

Cancer . It is not volcanic, but consists of argillaceous schist and See also:

• QUARTZITE

quartzite . An ascent' made by Dr Honda of the imperial university of Japan showed that, up to aheight of 6000 ft., the mountain is clothed with primeval . forests of palms, banyans, See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork trees, camphor trees, See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree ferns, interlacing creepers and dense thickets of rattan or stretches of grass higher than a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's stature . The next See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of r000 ft. has gigantic cryptomerias and chamoecyparis; then follow pines; 'then, at a height of 9500 ft., a broad See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, and then alternate stretches of grass and forest up to the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, which consists of several small peaks .

There is no See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow . Mount Morrison, being surrounded by high ranges, is not a conspicuous See also:

• OBJECT

object . Mount Sylvia lies in 24° 30' N. See also:

• LAT

lat . There are many other mountains of considerable See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation . In the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north is Getsurdbi-zan (4101 ft.); and on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Setzu-zan, with which they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a range See also:

• RUNNING

running due east and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west across the island, are Jusampunzan (4698 ft.) and See also:

• KALI (black)

Kali-zan {7(327 ft.) . Twenty-two See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles due See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Kali-zan stands Hakumosha-zan (5282 ft.), and just 20 M. due south of Hakumosha-zan begins a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of three peaks, Suisha-zan (6200 ft.), Hoo-zan (4928), and Niitaka-yama . These five mountains, Hari-zan, Hakumoshazan, Suisha-zan, Hoo-zan and Niitaka-yama, stand almost exactly under 121° E. long., in the very centre of the island . But the backbone of the island lies east of them, extending S. from Setzu-zan through Gokan-zan, and Noko-zan and other peaks and bending S.W. to Niitaka-yama . Yet farther south, and still lying in line down the centre of the island, are Sankyakunanzan (3752 ft.), Shurogi-zan (5729 ft.), Poren-zan (4957 ft.), and Kado-zan (9055 ft.), and, finally, in the south-east Arugan-zan (4985 ft.) . These, it will be observed, are all Japanese names, and the heights have been determined by Japanese observers . In addition to these remarkable inland mountains, Formosa's eastern shores show magnificent cliff scenery, the bases of the hills on the seaside taking the form of almost perpendicular walls as high as from 1500 to 2500 ft . Volcanic outbreaks of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam and See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur-springs are found .

Owing to the precipitous See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the east coast few rivers of any size find their way to the sea in that direction . The west coast, on the contrary, has many streams, but the only two of any considerable length are the Kotansui, which rises on Shurogi-zan, and has its mouth at Toko after a course of some 6o m. and the Seirakei, which rises on Hakumosha-zan, and enters the sea at a point 57 M. farther north after a course of 90 M . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is See also:

• DAMP

damp, hot and malarious . In the north, the driest and best months are See also:

• OCTOBER

October, See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November and See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December; in the south, December, See also:

• JANUARY

January, See also:

• FEBRUARY

February and See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March . The sea immediately south of Formosa is the birthplace of innumerable typhoons, but the high mountains of the island protect it partially against the extreme violence of the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind . See also:

• FLORA

Flora and See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The vegetation of the island is characterized by tropical luxuriance,—the moutainous regions being clad with dense forest, in which various See also:

• SPECIES

species of palms, the camphor-tree (Laurus Camphora), and the See also:

• ALOE

aloe are conspicuous . See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

Consul R . Swinhoe obtained no fewer than 65 different kinds of See also:

• TIMBER

timber from a large yard in Taiwanfu; and his specimens are now to be seen in the museum at See also:

• KEW

Kew . The tree which supplies the materials for the See also:

• PITH (O.E. pitca, cognate with Du. pit, kernel of a nut)

pith See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper of the Chinese is not uncommon, and the See also:

• CASSIA (Lat. cassia, Gr. mulct)
• CASSIA, VIA

cassia tree is found in the mountains . Travellers are especially struck with the beauty of some of the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, more especially with the lilies and convolvuluses; and European greenhouses have been enriched by several Formosan See also:

• ORCHIDS

orchids and other ornamental See also:

• PLANTS

plants . The See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine-See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple grows in abundance . In the lowlands of the western portion, the Chinese have introduced a large number of cultivated plants and See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees .

See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice is grown in such quantities as to procure for Formosa, in former days, the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the granary of China "; and the sweet See also:

• POTATO
• POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

potato, taro, See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize are also cultivated . Camphor, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea, See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo, ground peanuts, jute, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, oil and rattans are all articles of export . The Formosan fauna has been but partially ascertained; but at least three kinds of See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, wild boars, bears, goats, monkeys (probably Macacus speciosus), squirrels, and flying squirrels are fairly See also:

• COMMON

common, and panthers and wild See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats are not unfrequent . A poisonous but beautiful See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green snake is often mentioned by travellers . Pheasants, ducks, geese and See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe are abundant, and Dr C . See also:

• COLLINGWOOD
• COLLINGWOOD, CUTHBERT COLLINGWOOD, BARON (1750-,8,o)

Collingwood in his Naturalist's Rambles in the China Seas mentions See also:

• ARDEA

Ardea prasinosceles and other species of herons, several species of See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly-catchers, kingfishers, shrikes and larks, the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black drongo, the Cotyle sinensis and the Prinia sonitans . See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

Dogs are kept by the savages for See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting . The See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse is hardly known, and his place is taken by the ox, which is regularly bridled and saddled and ridden with all dignity . The rivers and neighbouring seas seem to be well stocked with See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, and especial mention must be made of the turtles, flying-fish, and brilliant See also:

• CORAL

coral-fish which swarm in the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters warmed by the Kurosiwo current, the gulf-stream of the Pacific . See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

Shell-fish form an important See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

• DIET

diet to both the Chinese and the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines along the coast—a species of Cyrena, a species of Tapes, Cytheraea petechiana and Modiola teres being most abundant . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The population of Formosa, according to p. See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census in 1904, is estimated at 3,022,687, made up as follows: aborigines 104,334, Chinese 2,860,574 and Japanese 51,770 . The inhabitants of Formosa may be divided into four classes: the Japanese, who are comparatively few, as there has not been much tendency to See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration; the Chinese, many of whom immigrated from the neighbourhood of Amoy and speak the See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect of that See also:

• DISTRICT

district, while others were See also:

• HAKKAS (" Guests," or " Strangers ")

Hakkas from the vicinity of See also:

• SWATOW (also Shan`tow)

Swatow; the subjugated aborigines, who largely intermingled with the Chinese; and the uncivilized aborigines of the eastern region who refuse to recognize authority and carry on raids as opportunity occurs .

The semi-civilized aborigines, who adopted the Chinese See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and customs, were called Pe-pa-hwan (Anglice Pepo-hoans), while their wilder brethren See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the name of See also:

• CHIN

Chin-hwan or " green savages," otherwise Sheng-See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan or " wild savages." They appear to belong to the See also:

• MALAY

Malay stock, and their language bears out the supposition . They are broken up into almost countless tribes and clans, many of which number only a few See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred individuals, and their language consequently presents a variety of dialects, of which no See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification has yet been effected: in the district of Posia alone a member of the Presbyterian See also:

• MISSION

mission distinguished eight different mutually unintelligible dialects . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people themselves are described as of " See also:

• MIDDLE

middle height, broad-chested and See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular, with remarkably large hands and feet, the eyes large, the forehead See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, and not narrow or receding in many instances, the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose broad, the mouth large and disfigured with betel." The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of See also:

• TATTOOING (Tahitian, tatu, from ta, mark)

tattooing is universal . In the north of the island at least, the dead are buried in a sitting posture under the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed on which they have expired . See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

Petty See also:

• WARS

wars are extremely common, not only along the Chinese frontiers, but between the neighbouring clans; and the heads of the slain are carefully preserved as trophies . In some districts the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men and boys See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep in the See also:

• SKULL

skull-See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that they may be inspired with courage . Many of the tribes that had least intercourse with the Chinese show a considerable amount of skill in the arts of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . The use of See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester prints and other European goods is fairly See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general; and the See also:

• WOMEN

women, who make a See also:

• FINE

fine native See also:

• CLOTH

cloth from hemp; introduce coloured threads from the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign stuffs, so as to produce ornamental devices . The See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of chieftain is sometimes held by women . The chief See also:

• TOWN

town is Taipe (called by the Japanese Taihoku), which is on the Tamsui-yei See also:

• RIVER

river, and has a population of about 118,000, including 5850 Japanese . Taipe may be said to have two ports; one, Tamsui, at the mouth of the river Tamsui-yei, to m. distant on the north-west coast, the other Kelung (called by the Japanese Kiirun), on the north-east See also:

• SHORE

shore, with which it is connected by See also:

• RAIL

rail, a run of some 18 m . The foreign See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement at Taipe lies outside the walls of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and is called Twatutia (Taitotei by the Japanese) .

Kelung (the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Pekiang) is an excellent See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, and the scenery is very beautiful . There are See also:

• COAL

coal-mines in the neighbourhood . Tamsui (called Tansui by the Japanese) is usually termed Hobe by foreigners . It is the site of the first foreign settlement, has a population of about ,`Foo, but cannot he made a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good harbourwithout considerable See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure . On the west coast there is no place of any importance until reaching Anping (23° N. lat.), a See also:

• PORT

port where a few foreign merchants reside for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of the sugar See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . It is an unlovely place, surrounded by mud flats, and a hotbed of See also:

• MALARIA

malaria . It has a population of 4000 Chinese and 200 Japanese . At a distance of some 21 M. inland is the former See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of Formosa, the walled city of Tainan, which has a population of 100,000 Chinese, 2300 Japanese, and a few See also:

• BRITISH

British merchants and missionaries . Connected with Anping by rail (26 m.) and laying south of it is Takau, a treaty port . It has a population of 6800, and is prettily situated on two sides of a large See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon . Six miles inland from Takau is a prosperous Chinese town called Fengshan (Japanese, Hozan) . The See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor-ages on the east coast are Soo, Karenko and Pinan, which do not See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call for See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• NOTICE

notice .

See also:

• FORTY

Forty-seven m. east of the extreme south coast there is a little island called Botel-See also:

• TOBAGO

tobago (Japanese, Koto-sho), which rises to a height of 1914 ft. and is inhabited by a tribe whose customs differ essentially from those of the natives on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main island . See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—The island is treated as an outlying territory; it has not been brought within the full purview of the Japanese constitution . Its affairs are administered by a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general, who is also See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-chief of the forces, by a See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

bureau of See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and by three prefectural See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, below whom are the heads of twenty territorial divisions called cho; its finances are not included in the general See also:

• BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

budget of the Japanese empire; it is garrisoned by a mixed See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade taken from the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home divisions; and its currency is on a See also:

• SILVER

silver basis . One of the first abuses with which the Japanese had to See also:

• DEAL

deal was the excessive use of See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium by the Chinese settlers . To See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict the importation of the See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug altogether, as is done in Japan, was the step advocated by Japanese public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . But, influenced by medical views and by the almost insuperable difficulty of enforcing any drastic import See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto in the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of Formosa's large communications by See also:

• JUNK

junk with China, the Japanese finally adopted the middle course of licensing the preparation and See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of the drug, and limiting its use to persons in See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of medical See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction . Under the administration of the Japanese the island has been largely See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . Among other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold-See also:

• MINING

mining is advancing rapidly . In 1902 48,400 oz. of gold representing a value of £168,626 were obtained from the mines and alluvial washings . Coal is also found in large quantities near Kelung and sulphur springs exist in the north of the island . An extensive See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of railway construction has been planned, the four main lines projected being (1) from Takau to Tainan; (2) from Tainan to Kagi; (3) from Kagi to Shoka; and (4) from Shoka to Kelung; these four forming, in effect, a main See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk road running from the south-west to the north-east, its course being along the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the mountains that border the western coast-plains .. The Takau-Tainan See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section (26 m.) was opened to See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic on the 3rd of November 190o, and by 1905 the whole line of 2S9 M. was practically See also:

• COMPLETE

complete .

Harbour improvements also are projected, but in Formosa, as in Japan proper, paucity of capital constitutes a fatal obstacle to rapid development . There are thirteen ports of export and import, but 75 % oi4he See also:

• TOTAL

total business is done at Tamsui . Tea and camphor are the See also:

• STAPLE

staple exports . The greater part of the former goes to Amoy for re-shipment to the west, but it is believed that if harbour improvements were effected at Tamsui so as to render it accessible for ocean-going steamers, shipments would be made thence See also:

• DIRECT

direct to New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . The camphor trade being a government See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly, the quantity exported is under strict See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The island of Formosa must have been known from a very early date to the Chinese who were established in the See also:

• PESCADORES (i.e. fishers)

Pescadores . The inhabitants are mentioned in the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• WORKS

works of the Yuan See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty as Tung fan or eastern barbarians; and under the Ming dynasty the island begins to appear as Kilung . In the beginning of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it began to be known to the Portuguese and Spanish navigators, and the latter at least made some attempts at establishing settlements or See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions . The Dutch were the first, however, to take footing in the island; in 1624 they built a fort, Zelandia, on the east coast, where subsequently See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose the town of Taiwan, and the settlement was maintained for thrity-seven years . On the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the Ming dynasty in China, a number of their defeated adherents came over to Formosa, and under a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader called in European accounts Coxinga, succeeded in expelling the Dutch and taking See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of a good part of the island . In 1682 the Chinese of Formosa recognized the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor K'ang-hi, and the island then began to form part of the Chinese empire . From the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 17th century a long era of conflict ensued between the Chinese and the aborigines .

A more debased population than the peoples thus struggling for supremacy could scarcely be conceived . The aborigines, Sheng fan, or " wild savages," deserved the appellation in some respects, for they lived by the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase and had little knowledge even of husbandry; while the Chinese themselves, uneducated labourers, acknowledged no right except that of might . The former were not implacably cruel or vindictive . They merely clung to their homesteads, and harboured a natural resentment against the raiders who had dispossessed them . Their disposition was to leave the Chinese in unmolested possession of the plain . But some of the most valuable products of the island, as camphor and rattan, are to be found in the upland forests, and the Chinese, whenever they ventured too far in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of these products, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into ambushes of See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-men who neither gave nor sought See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, and who regarded a Chinese skull as a specially attractive article of See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture . A violent See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion is mentioned in r 788, put down only after the loss, it is said, of roo,000 men by disease. and See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, and the expenditure of 2,000,000 taels of silver . Reconciliation never took place on any large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, though it is true that, in the course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, some fitful displays of administrative ability on the part of the Chinese, and the opening of partial means of communication, led to the pacification of a section of the Sheng fan, who thenceforth became known as Pe-pa-hwan (Pepohoan) . In the early part of the 19th century the island was chiefly known to Europeans on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the wrecks which took place on its coasts, and the dangers that the crews had to run from the cannibal propensities of the aborigines, and the almost equally cruel tendencies of the Chinese . Among the most notable was the loss in 1842 of the British brig " See also:

• ANN

Ann," with fifty-seven persons on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, of whom forty-three were executed at Taichu . By the treaty of See also:

• TIENTSIN

Tientsin (1860) Taichu was opened to European commerce, but the place was found quite unsuitable for a port of trade, and the harbour of See also:

• TAM, JACOB BEN MEIR (1100-1171)

Tam-sui was selected instead . From 1859 both See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant and Presbyterian missions were established in the island .

An attack made on those at Feng-shan (Hozan) in 1868 led to the occupation of Fort Zelandia and Anping by British forces; but this See also:

• ACTION

action was disapproved by the home government, and the See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity demanded from the Chinese restored . In 1874 the island was invaded by the Japanese for the purpose of obtaining See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction for the See also:

• MURDER

murder of a shipwrecked See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew who had been put to See also:

• DEATH

death by one of the semi-See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage tribes on the southern coast, the Chinese government being either unable or unwilling to punish the culprits . A See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war was averted through the good offices of the British See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, See also:

• SIR

Sir T . F . See also:

• WADE (or WAAD), SIR WILLIAM (1546-1623)
• WADE, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1800-1878)
• WADE, GEORGE (1673-1748)
• WADE, SIR THOMAS FRANCIS (1818-1895)
• WADE, THOMAS (18o5-1875)

Wade, and the Japanese retired on See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of an indemnity of 500,000 taels . The See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the island during these years was very See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad; in a See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report. of 1872 there is recorded a See also:

• PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)

proverb among the official classes, " every three years an outbreak, every five a rebellion "; but subsequent to 1877 some improvement was manifested, and public works were pushed forward by the Chinese authorities . In 1884, in the course of belligerent proceedings arising out of the See also:

• TONGKING

Tongking dispute, the forts at Kelung on the north were bombarded by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• FLEET

fleet, and the place was captured and held for some months by French troops . An attack on the neighbouring town of Tamsui failed, but a semi-See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade of the island was maintained by the French fleet during the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1884-1385 . The troops were withdrawn on the conclusion of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace in See also:

• JUNE

June 1885 . In 1895 the island was ceded to Japan by the treaty ofShimonoseki at the close of the Japanese war . The See also:

• RESIDENT

resident Chinese officials, however, refused to recognize the cession, declared a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, and prepared to offer resistance . It is even said they offered to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty to See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain if that See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power would accept it .

A formal transfer to Japan was made in June of the same See also:

• YEAR

year in pursuance of the treaty, the ceremony taking place on board See also:

• SHIP

ship outside Kelung, as the Chinese commissioners did not venture to See also:

• LAND

land . The Japanese were thus See also:

• LEFT

left to take possession as best they could, and some four months elapsed before they effected a landing on the south of the island . Takau was bombarded and captured on the 15th of October, and the resistance collapsed . Liu Yung-fu, the notorious Black See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

Flag general, and the back-See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone of the resistance, sought See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . The general state of the island when the Japanese assumed possession was that the plain of Giran on the eastern coast and the hill-districts were inhabited by semi-barbarous folk, the western plains by Chinese of a degraded type, and that between the two there existed a traditional and continuous See also:

• FEUD

feud, leading to mutual displays of merciless and murderous violence . By many of these Chinese settlers the Japanese conquerors, when they came to occupy the island, were regarded in precisely the same See also:

• LIGHT

light as the Chinese them-selves had been regarded from time immemorial by the aborigines . Insurrections occurred frequently, the insurgents receiving See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret aid from sympathizers in China, and the difficulties of the Japanese being increased not only by their See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, which abounds in fastnesses where bandits can find almost inaccessible refuge, but also by the unwillingness of experienced officials to abandon their home posts for the purpose of taking service in the new territory .