See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

FORUM (See also:

• LAT

Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")  , in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman antiquity, any open See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place used, like the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek ayopa, for the transaction of See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile, judicial or See also:

• POLITICAL

political business, some-times merely as a See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade . It was level, rectangular in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, surrounded by porticoes, basilicas, courts of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and other public buildings . In the See also:

• LAWS

laws of the Twelve Tables the word is used of the See also:

• VESTIBULE (from Lat. vestibulum)

vestibule of a See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb (See also:

• CICERO

Cicero, De legibus, ii . 24); in a Roman See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum was an open place immediately beside the praetorium; and the See also:

• TERM

term was no doubt originally applied generally to the space in front of any public See also:

• BUILDING

building or gateway . In See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (q.v.) itself, however, during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HISTORY

history, forum was almost a proper name, denoting the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat and formerly marshy space between the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine and Capitoline hills (also called Forum Romanum), which probably even during the See also:

• REGAL

regal period afforded the See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation necessary for such public meetings as could not be held within the See also:

• AREA

area Capitolina . In early times the Forum Romanum was used for athletic See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, and over the porticoes were galleries for spectators; there were also shops of various kinds . But with the growth of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and the increase of provincial business, more than one forum became necessary, and under the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire a considerable number of civilia (judicial) and venalia (mercantile) fora came into existence . In addition to the Forum Romanum, the Fora of See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar and See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus belonged to the former class; the Forum boarium (See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle), holitorium (See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable), piscarium (See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish), pistorium (See also:

• BREAD

bread), vinarium (See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine), to the latter . The Fora of See also:

• NERVA, MARCUS COCCEIUS

Nerva (also called transitorium or pervium, because a See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main road led through it to the Forum Romanum), See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan, and See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian, although partly intended to facilitate the course of public729 business, were chiefly erected to embellish the city . The construction of See also:

• SEPARATE

separate markets was not, however, necessarily the See also:

• RULE

rule in the provincial fora; thus, in See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii, at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east end of the forum, there was a macellum (See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market), and shops for provisions and possibly See also:

• MONEY

money changers, and on the east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side a building supposed to have been the clothworkers' See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, and at See also:

• TIMGAD

Timgad in North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa (a military See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony founded under Trajan) the whole of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south side of the forum was occupied by shops . The forum was usually paved, and although on festal occasions chariots were probably driven through, it was not a thoroughfare and was enclosed by See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates at the entrances, of which traces have been found at Pompeii . When the sites for new towns were being selected, that for the forum was in the centre, and the two main streets crossed one another See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to but not through it .

At Timgad the main streets are some 5 or 6 ft. See also:

• LOWER

lower than the forum . The word forum frequently appears in the names of Roman market towns; as, for example, in Forum Appii, Forum Julii (See also:

• FREJUS

Frejus), Forum Livii (Forli), Forum Sempronii (See also:

• FOSSOMBRONE (anc. Forum Sempronii)

Fossombrone) . These fora were distinguished from See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere vici by the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of a municipal organization, which, however, was less See also:

• COMPLETE

complete than that of a prefecture . In legal phraseology, which distinguishes the forum See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune from the forum privilegiatum, and the forum generale from .the forum speciale, the word is practically See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to " See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court " or " See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction." For the fora at Rome, see See also:

• ROMA

Roma: See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology, and See also:

• WORKS

works quoted .