See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

FOUNTAIN (See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• FONTANA, DOMENICO (1543-1607)
• FONTANA, LAVINIA (1552-1614)
• FONTANA, PROSPERO (1512-1597)

fontana, from ions, a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring)  , a See also:

• TERM

term applied in a restricted sense to such outlets of See also:

• WATER

water as, whether fed by natural or artificial means, have contrivances of human See also:

• ART

art at a point where the water emerges . A very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early existing example is preserved in the carved Babylonian See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin (about 3000 B.C.) found at Tello, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• LAGASH, or SIRPURLA

Lagash, and See also:

• LAYARD, SIR AUSTEN HENRY (1817-1894)

Layard mentions an See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain, found by him in a See also:

• GORGE

gorge of the See also:

• RIVER

river Gomel, which consists of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of basins cut in the solid See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock and descending in steps to the stream . The water had been originally led from one to the other by small conduits, the lowest of which was ornamented by two rampant lions in See also:

• RELIEF

relief . The term is applied equally to the simpler arrangements for letting water gush into an ornamental basin or to the more elaborate ones by which water is mechanically forced into high jets; and a " fountain " may be either the ornamental receptacle or the See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet of water itself . In See also:

• MODERN

modern times the examples of ornamental or useful fountains are See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion, and it will suffice here to mention some of the more important facts of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Among the Greeks fountains were very See also:

• COMMON

common in the cities . Springs being very plentiful in See also:

• GREECE

Greece, little See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering skill was required to convey the water from See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to place . Receptacles of sufficient See also:

• SIZE

size were made for it at the springs; and to maintain its purity, structures were raised enclosing and covering the receptacle . In Greece they were dedicated to gods and goddesses, See also:

• NYMPHS

nymphs and heroes, and were frequently placed in or near temples . That of Pirene at See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth (mentioned also by See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus) was formed of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, and contained a number of cells from which the pleasant water flowed into an open basin . See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

Legend connects it with the nymph Pirene, who See also:

• SHED

shed such copious tears, when bewailing her son who had been slain by See also:

• DIANA

Diana, that she was changed into a fountain . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Corinth possessed many fountains .

In one near the statues of Diana and See also:

• BELLEROPHON, or BELLEROPHONTES

Bellerophon the water flowed through the hoofs of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse See also:

• PEGASUS (from Gr. lrgyor, compact, strong)

Pegasus . The fountain of Glauce, enclosed in the See also:

• ODEUM (Gr. Odeion)

Odeum, was dedicated to Glauce, because she was said to have thrown herself into it believing that its See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters could counteract the poisons of See also:

• MEDEA (Gr. Mi/Seta)

Medea . Another Corinthian fountain had a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of See also:

• POSEIDON

Poseidon See also:

• STANDING

standing on a See also:

• DOLPHIN

dolphin from which the, water flowed . The fountain constructed by Tlieagenes at See also:

• MEGARA

Megara was remarkable for its size and decorations, and for the number of its columns . One at Lerna was surrounded with pillars, and the structure contained a number of seats affording a cool summer See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat . Near Pharae was a See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

grove dedicated to See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo, and in it a fountain of water . See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias gives a definite architectural detail when he says that a fountain at Patrae was reached from without by descending steps . Mystical, medicinal, surgical and other qualities, as well as supernatural origin, were ascribed to fountains . One at Cyane in See also:

• LYCIA

Lycia was said to possess the quality of endowing all persons descending into it with See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to see whatever they desired to see; while the legends of fountains and other waters with See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to heal are numerous in many lands . The fountain Enneacrunus at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens was called See also:

• CALLIRRHOE

Callirrhoe before the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the water was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from it by the nine pipes from which it took its later name . Two temples were above it, according to Pausanias, one dedicated to See also:

• DEMETER

Demeter and Persephone, and the other to See also:

• TRIPTOLEMUS

Triptolemus . The fountain in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• ERECHTHEUS

Erechtheus at Athens was supplied by a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt water, and a similar spring supplied that in the temple of Poseidon Hippios at 1Vlantinea .

The water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and the See also:

• WORKS

works See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary to it were on a See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale to be expected from a See also:

• PEOPLE

people of such See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical power . The remains of the aqueducts which stretched from the city across the Campagna are amongst the most striking monuments of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius (See also:

• BOOK

book viii.) gives See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute particulars concerning the methods to be employed for the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, testing and See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of water, and describes the properties of different waters with great care, proving the importance which was attached to these matters by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . The aqueducts supplied the See also:

• BATHS

baths and the public fountains, from which last all the populace, except such as could afford to pay for a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• PIPE

pipe to their houses, obtained their water . These fountains were therefore of large size and numerous . They were formed at many of the castella of the aqueducts . According to Vitruvius, each castellum should have three pipes,—one for public fountains, one for baths and the third for private houses . Considerable See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue was drawn from the possessors of private water-pipes . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman fountains were generally decorated with figures and heads . Fountains were often also the See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament of Roman villas and See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country houses; in those so situated the water generally See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from above into a large See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble basin, with at times a second fall into a still See also:

• LOWER

lower receptacle . Two adjacent houses in See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii had very remarkable fountains . One, says See also:

• GELL, SIR WILLIAM (1777-1836)

Gell, " is covered with a sort of See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic consisting of vitrified tesserae of different See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, but in which See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue predominates .

These are sometimes arranged in not inelegant patterns, and the See also:

• GRAND

grand divisions as well as the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders are entirely formed and ornamented with real See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-shells, neither calcined by the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the eruption nor changed by the See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of so many centuries " (Pompeiana, 196) . Another of large size was similarly decorated with marine shells, and is supposed to have See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne two sculptured figures, one of which, a bronze, is in the museum at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . This fountain projects 5 ft . 7 in. from the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall against which it is placed, and is 7 ft. wide in front, while the height of the structure up to the See also:

• EAVES (not a plural form as is sometimes supposed, but singular; O. Eng. efes, in Mid. High Ger. obse, Gothic ubizwa, a porch; connected with " over ")

eaves of the See also:

• PEDIMENT (equivalents, Gr. &ros, Lat. fastigium, Fr. ponton)

pediment is 7 ft . 7 in . On a central See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column in the See also:

• PISCINA

piscina was a statue of See also:

• CUPID (Cupido, " desire ")

Cupid, with a See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

dove, from the mouth of which water issued . See also:

• CICERO

Cicero had, at his See also:

• VILLA

villa at Formiae, a fountain which was decorated with marine shells . Fountains were very common in the open spaces and at the crossways in Pompeii . They were supplied by leaden pipes from the reservoirs, and had little ornament except a human or See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, from the mouth of which it was arranged that the water should issue . Not only did See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• RUNNING

running fountains exist, but the remains of jets d'eau have been found; and a See also:

• DRAWING

drawing exists representing a See also:

• VASE
• VASE (through Fr. from Lat. vas, a vessel, pl. vasa, of which the singular vasum is rarely found; the ultimate root is probably was-, to cover, seen in Lat: vestis, clothing, Eng. " vest," Gr. to-th c, and also in " wear," of garments)

vase with a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double jet of water, standing on a See also:

• PEDESTAL (Fr. piedestal, Ital. piedestallo, foot of a stall)

pedestal placed in what is supposed to have been theimpluvium of a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . There was also a jet d'eau at the eastern end of the See also:

• PERISTYLE (Gr. wept, round, and oriaos, column)

peristyle of the Fullonica at Pompeii . As among the Greeks, so with the early Celts, traces of superstitious beliefs and usages with relation to fountains can be traced in monumental and legendary remains .

Near the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Primaleon in See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany was a very remarkable See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument,—one possibly unique, as giving distinct See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the existence of an ancient cult of fountains . Here is a dolmen composed of a See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal table supported by two stones only, one at each end . All the space beneath this See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar is occupied by a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long square basin formed of large See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat stones, which receives a fountain of water . At Lochrist is another vestige of the See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic cult of fountains . Beneath the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill upon which it is built, is a sacred fountain, near which is erected an ancient See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, which with its See also:

• IVY (A.S. ifig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium, anent)

ivy-covered walls has a most romantic See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . A See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic vault protects this fountain . Miraculous virtues are still attributed to its water, and on certain days the country people still come with offerings to draw it (see La Poix de Freminville, Antiquites de la Bretagne, i. p. lox) . In the enchanted See also:

• FOREST

forest of Brochelande, so famous from its connexion with See also:

• MERLIN, ANTOINE CHRISTOPHE (1762-1833)
• MERLIN, PHILIPPE ANTOINE, COUNT (1754-1838)

Merlin, was the fountain of Baranton, which was said to possess strange characteristics . Whoever See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew water from it, and sprinkled the steps therewith, produced a tremendous See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of See also:

• THUNDER

thunder and See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail, accompanied with thick darkness . See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity transferred to its own uses the ancient religious feeling concerning fountains . Statues of the Virgin or of See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints were erected upon the See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude structures that collected the water and preserved its purity . There is some uniformity in the architectural characteristics of these structures during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages .

A very common See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in rural districts was that in which the fountain was reached by descending steps (See also:

• FONTAINE, PIERRE FRANCOIS LEONARD (1762-1853)

fontaine grotie) . A large basin received the water, sometimes from a spout, but often from the spring itself . This basin was covered by a sort of See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch or vault, with at times moulded See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches and sculptured figures and escutcheons . On the See also:

• BANK

bank of the Clain at See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers is a fountain of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, the Fontaine See also:

• JOUBERT, BARTHELEMY CATHERINE (1769–1799)
• JOUBERT, JOSEPH (1754–1824)
• JOUBERT, PETRUS JACOBUS (1834–1900)

Joubert, which though restored in 1597 was originally a structure of the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . This kind of fountain is frequently decorated with figures of the Virgin or of saints, or with the See also:

• FAMILY

family arms of its founder; often, too, the water is the only ornament of the structure, which bears a simple inscription . A large number of these fountains are to be found in Brittany and indeed through-out See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and the great antiquity of some of them is proved by the superstitions regarding them which still exist amongst the peasantry . A form more common in populous districts was that of a large open basin, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, square, polygonal, or lobed in form, with a columnar structure at the centre, from the lower See also:

• PART

part of which it was arranged that spouts should issue, playing into an open basin, and supplying vessels brought for the purpose in the cleanest and quickest manner . The columns take very various forms, from that of a simple See also:

• REGULAR

regular geometrical solid, with only See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque masks at the spouts, to that of an elaborate and ornate Gothic structure, with figures of virgins, saints and warriors, with See also:

• MOULDINGS

mouldings, arches, crockets and finials . At See also:

• PROVINS

Provins there is a fountain said to be of the 12th century, which is in form an hexagonal vase with a large column in the centre, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of which is pierced by three mouths, which are furnished with heads of bronze projecting far enough to See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast the water into the basin . In the public See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-place at See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick is a fountain of the 15th century, of which the central structure is made of bronze . Many fountains are still existing in France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany which, though their actual See also:

• PRESENT

present structure may date no earlier than the 15th or 16th century, have been found on the place of, and perhaps may almost be considered as restorations of, pre-existing fountains . Except in Italy few fountains are of earlier date than the 14th century .

Two of that date are at the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Fontaine See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel, near See also:

• MAYENNE
• MAYENNE, CHARLES OF LORRAINE

Mayenne, and another, of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, is at See also:

• LIMOGES

Limoges . Some of these middle-See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age fountains are simple, open reservoirs enclosed in structures which, however See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, still carry the See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm that belongs to the stone-See also:

• WORK

work of those times . There is one of this kind at Cully, See also:

• CALVADOS

Calvados, walled on three sides, and fed from the spring by two circular openings . Its only ornamentation is a small empty See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche with mouldings . At See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln is a fountain of the time of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII., in front of the church of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Wickford . At See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham is one of octangular See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, which bears a statue of See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune . The decay of architectural See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste in the later centuries is shown by the fountain of Limoges . It is in form a rock representing See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• PARNASSUS (mod. Likkoura or Likeri)

Parnassus, upon which are carved in relief Apollo, the horse Pegasus, See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy and the Nine See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

Muses . At the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top Apollo, in the 16th-century See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume, plays a See also:

• HARP (Fr. harpe; Ger. Harfe; Ital. arpa)

harp . Rocks, grass and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep fill up the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene . Purely ornamental fountains and jets d'eau are found in or near many large cities, royal palaces and private seats . The celebrated See also:

• FONTANA, DOMENICO (1543-1607)
• FONTANA, LAVINIA (1552-1614)
• FONTANA, PROSPERO (1512-1597)

Fontana di Trevi, at Rome, was erected early in the 18th century under See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement XII., and has all the characteristics of decadence .

La Fontana Paolina and those in the piazza of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's are perhaps next in celebrity to that of Trevi, and are certainly in better taste . At See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris the Fontaine See also:

• DES

des Innocens (the earliest) and those of the Place Royal, of the Champs Elysees and of the Place de la Concorde are the most noticeable . The fountain of the lions and other fountains in the See also:

• ALHAMBRA, THE

Alhambra See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace are, with their surroundings, a very magnificent sight . The largest jets d'eau are those at See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles, at the See also:

• SYDENHAM
• SYDENHAM, CHARLES EDWARD
• SYDENHAM, THOMAS (1624-1689)

Sydenham Crystal Palace and at See also:

• SAN

San Ildefonso . About the earliest drawing of any drinking fountain in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England occurs in See also:

• MOXON, EDWARD (18o1-1858)

Moxon's See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

Tutor to Astronomic and Geographic (1659); it is " surmounted by a diall, which was made by Mr See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Leak, and set upon a composite column at Leadenhall corner, in the majoralty of See also:

• SIR

Sir John Dethick, See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

Knight." The water springs from the top and See also:

• BASE

base of the column, which stands upon a square pedestal and bears four See also:

• FEMALE

female figures, one at least of which represents the costume of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . In the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East the public drinking fountains are a very important institution . In See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo alone there are three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred . These " sebeels " are not only to be seen in the cities, but are plentiful in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields and villages . The See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association (1859) has done much to provide facilities in See also:

• LONDON

London for both See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and beast to get water to drink in the streets . And in the See also:

• UNITED

United States liberal See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision has also been made by private and public enterprise .