See also:

• FOUQUET (or FOUCQUET), NICOLAS (1615-168o)

FOUQUET (or See also:

• FOUCQUET, JEAN, or JEHAN (c. 1415–1485)

FOUCQUET), See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

NICOLAS (1615-168o)  , See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

viscount of See also:

• MELUN

Melun and of See also:

• VAUX, CALVERT (1824-1895)

Vaux, See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis of Belle-Isle, See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of See also:

• FINANCE

finance in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France under See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1615 . He belonged to an influential See also:

• FAMILY

family of the noblesse de la robe, and after some preliminary schooling with the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of thirteen was admitted as avocat at the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of Paris . While still in his teens he held several responsible posts, and in 1636, when just twenty, he was able to buy the See also:

• POST

post of maitre See also:

• DES

des requeles . From 1642 to 1650 he held various intendancies at first in the provinces and then with the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin, and, coming thus in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, was permitted in 165o to buy the important position of procureur See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general to the parlement of Paris . During Mazarin's See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile See also:

• FOUQUET (or FOUCQUET), NICOLAS (1615-168o)

Fouquet shrewdly remained loyal to him, protecting his See also:

• PROPERTY

property and keeping him informed of the situation at court . Upon the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal's return, Fouquet demanded and received as See also:

• REWARD

reward the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of superintendent of the finances (1653), a position which, in the unsettled See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, threw into his hands not merely the decision as to which fundsshould be applied to meet the demands of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state's creditors, but also the negotiations with the See also:

• GREAT

great financiers who See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent See also:

• MONEY

money to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . The See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment was a popular one with the moneyed class, for Fouquet's great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth had been largely augmented by his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in 1651 with See also:

• MARIE

Marie de Castille, who also belonged to a wealthy family of the legal See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility . His own See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit, and above all his unfailing confidence in himself, strengthened the credit of the government, while his high position at the parlement (he still remained procureur general) secured See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial transactions from investigation . As See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of finance, he soon had Mazarin almost in the position of a suppliant . The See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• WARS

wars, and the greed of the courtiers, who followed the example of Mazarin, made it necessary at times for Fouquet to meet the demands upon him by borrowing upon his own credit, but he soon turned this confusion of the public See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse with his own to See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account . The disorder in the accounts became hopeless; fraudulent operations were entered into with impunity, and the financiers were kept in the position of clients by See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official favours and by generous aid whenever they needed it . Fouquet's See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune now surpassed even Mazarin's, but the latter was too deeply implicated in similar operations to interfere, and was obliged to leave the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of reckoning to his See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent and successor See also:

• COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1619-1683)

Colbert .

Upon Mazarin's See also:

• DEATH

death Fouquet expected to be made See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the government; but Louis XIV. was suspicious of his poorly dissembled ambition, and it was with Fouquet in mind that he made the well-known statement, upon assuming the government, that he would be his own See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief minister . Colbert fed the king's displeasure with adverse reports upon the deficit, and made the worst of the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case against Fouquet . The extravagant See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal display of the superintendent served to intensify the See also:

• ILL

ill-will of the king . Fouquet had bought the See also:

• PORT

port of Belle Isle and strengthened the fortifications, with a view to taking See also:

• REFUGE

refuge there in case of disgrace . He had spent enormous sums in See also:

• BUILDING

building a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace on his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of Vaux, which in extent, magnificence, and splendour of decoration was a forecast of See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles . Here he gathered the rarest See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts, the finest paintings, jewels and antiques in profusion, and above all surrounded himself with artists and authors . The table was open to all See also:

• PEOPLE

people of quality, and the See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen was presided over by Vatel . See also:

• LAFONTAINE, SIR LOUIS HIPPOLYTE, BART

Lafontaine, See also:

• CORNEILLE, PIERRE (1606–1684)
• CORNEILLE, THOMAS (1625-1709)

Corneille, See also:

• SCARRON, PAUL (1610-166o)

Scarron, were among the multitude of his clients . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1661 Louis XIV., already set upon his destruction, was entertained at Vaux with a fete rivalled in magnificence by only one or two in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• HISTORY

history, at which See also:

• MOLIERE (1622-1673)

Moliere's See also:

• LES

Les Fdcheux was produced for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . The splendour of the entertainment sealed Fouquet's See also:

• FATE

fate . The king, however, was afraid to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act openly against so powerful a minister . By crafty devices Fouquet was induced to sell his office of procureur general, thus losing the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of its privileges, and he paid the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of it into the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury .

Three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks after his visit to Vaux the king withdrew to See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes, taking Fouquet with him, and had him arrested when he was leaving the presence chamber, flattered with the assurance of his esteem . The trial lasted almost three years, and its violation of the forms of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice is still the subject of frequent mono-graphs by members of the French See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar . Public sympathy was strongly with Fouquet, and Lafontaine, Madame de See also:

• SEVIGNE, MARIE DE

Sevigne and many others wrote on his behalf; but when Fouquet was sentenced to banishment, the king, disappointed, " commuted " the See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence to imprisonment for See also:

• LIFE

life . He was sent at the beginning of 1665 tothe fortress of Pignerol, where he undoubtedly died on the 23rd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1680.1 Louis acted throughout " as though he were conducting a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign," evidently fearing that Fouquet would See also:

• PLAY

play the See also:

• PART

part of a See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu . Fouquet See also:

• BORE

bore himself with manly fortitude, and composed several mediocre See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison . The devotional See also:

• WORKS

works bearing his name are apocryphal . A See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of his trial was published in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, in 15 volumes, in 1665–1667, in spite of the remonstrances which Colbert addressed to the States-General . A second edition under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of fEuvres de M . Fouquet appeared in 1696 . 1 Fouquet has been identified with the " See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man with the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron See also:

• MASK (Fr. masque, apparently from med. Lat. mascus, masca, spectre, through Ital. maschera, Span. mascara)

Mask " (see IRON MASK), but this theory is quite impossible . See See also:

• CHERUEL, PIERRE ADOLPHE (1809-1891)

Cheruel, Memoires sur la See also:

• VIE

vie publique et privee de Fouquet . . d'apres ses lettres et des pieces inidites (2 vols., Paris, 1864) ; J .

Lair, See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas See also:

• FOUCQUET, JEAN, or JEHAN (c. 1415–1485)

Foucquet, procureu' general, surintendant des finances, ministre d'Etat de Louis XIV (2 vols., Paris, 189o) ; U . V . See also:

• CHATELAIN (Med. Lat. castellanus, from castellum, a castle)

Chatelain, Le Surintendant Nicolas Fouquet, protecteur des lettres, des arts et des sciences (Paris, 1905) ; R . Pfnor et A . France, Le Chdteau de Vaux-le-Vicomte dessine et See also:

• GRAVE

grave (Paris, 1888) . FOUQUIER-TINVILLE, See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

ANTOINE QUENTIN (1746-1795), French revolutionist, was born at Herouel, a See also:

• VILLAGE

village in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• AISNE

Aisne . Originally a procureur attached to the See also:

• CHATELET (from Med. Lat. castella)

Chatelet at Paris, he sold his office in 1783, and became a clerk under the See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general of See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police . He seems to have See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early adopted revolutionary ideas, but little is known of the part he played at the outbreak of the Revolution . When the Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris was established on the loth of March 1793, he was appointed public prosecutor to 'it, an office which he filled until the 28th of See also:

• JULY

July 1794 . His activity during this time earned him the reputation of one of the most terrible and sinister figures of the Revolution . His See also:

• FUNCTION

function as public prosecutor was not so much to convict the guilty as to see that the proscriptions ordered by the See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction for the time being in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power were carried out with a due regard to a show of legality . He was as ruthless and as incorrupt as See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre himself; he could be moved from his purpose neither by pity nor by bribes; nor was there in his See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty any of that quality which made the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary Jacobin enrage by turns ferocious and sentimental .

It was this very quality of passionless detachment that made him so effective an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of the Terror . He had no forensic eloquence; but the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold obstinacy with which he pressed his charges was more convincing than any See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric, and he seldom failed to secure a conviction . His horrible career ended with the fall'of Robespierre and the terrorists on the 9th See also:

• THERMIDOR (from Gr. BEpµrt, heat, and & pov, gift)

Thermidor . On the 1st of August 1794 he was imprisoned by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention and brought to trial . His See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence was that he had only obeyed the orders of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee of Public Safety; but, after a trial which lasted See also:

• FORTY

forty-one days, he was condemned to death, and guillotined on the 7th of May 1795 . See Memoire pour A . Q . Fouquier ex-accusateur public pres le tribunal revolutionnaire, &c . (Paris, 1794) ; Domenget . Fouquier-Tinville et le tribunal revolutionnaire (Paris, 1878); H . Wallon, Histoire du tribunal revolutionnoire de Paris (188o-1882) (a See also:

• WORK

work of general See also:

• INTEREST

interest, but not always exact) ; See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• LECOCQ, ALEXANDRE CHARLES (1832– )

Lecocq, Notes et documents sur Fouquier-Tinville (Paris, 1885) . See also the documents See also:

• RELATING

relating to his trial enumerated by M .

See also:

• TOURNEUX, JEAN MAURICE (1849— )

Tourneux in Bibliographie de l'histoire de Paris See also:

• PENDANT (through Fr. from Lat. pendere, to hang)

pendant la Revolution Francaise, vol. i . Nos . 4445-4454 (1890) .