BALDASSARE See also:

• BALDASSARE FRANCESCHINI (1611-1689)

FRANCESCHINI (1611-1689)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian painter of the Tuscan school, named, from See also:

• VOLTERRA (anc. Volaterrae)

Volterra the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, II Volterrano, or (to distinguish him from See also:

• RICCIARELLI, DANIELE (1509-1566)

Ricciarelli) Il Volterrano Giuniore, was the son of a sculptor in See also:

• ALABASTER
• ALABASTER, or ARBLASTIER, WILLIAM (1567-1640)

alabaster . At a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he learned fromCosimo Daddi some of the elements of See also:

• ART

art, and he started as an assistant to his See also:

• FATHER

father . This employment being evidently below the level of his talents, the marquises Jnghirami placed him, at the age of sixteen, under the . Florentine painter Matted See also:

• ROSSELLI, COSIMO (1439—c. 1507)

Rosselli . In the ensuing See also:

• YEAR

year he had advanced sufficiently to execute in Volterra some frescoes, skilful in foreshortening, followed by other frescoes for the See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici See also:

• FAMILY

family in the See also:

• VALLE, PIETRO DELLA (1586–1652)

Valle della Petraia . In 1652 the marchese Filippo Niccolini, being minded to employ See also:

• FRANCESCHINI, BALDASSARE (1611-1689)

Franceschini upon the frescoes for the See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola and back-See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of his See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel in-S . Croce, See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, despatched him to various parts of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy to perfect his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . The painter, in a tour which lasted some months, took more especially to the qualities :distinctive of the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• PARMA

Parma and See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, and in a measure to those of Pietro da See also:

• CORTONA

Cortona, whose acquaintance he made in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . He then undertook the paintings commissioned by Niccolini, which constitute his most noted performance, the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design being See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, and the method masterly . Franceschini ranks higher in See also:

• FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco than in oil See also:

• PAINTING

painting . His See also:

• WORKS

works in the latter mode were not unfrequently See also:

• LEFT

left unfinished, although numerous specimens remain, the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet pictures being marked by much sprightliness of invention . Among his best oil paintings of large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale is the " St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the Evangelist " in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of S .

Chiara at Volterra . One of his latest works was the fresco of the cupola of the Annunziata, Florence, which occupied him for two years towards 1683, a See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of much labour and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy . Franceschini died of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy at Volterra on the 6th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1689 . He is reckoned among those painters of the decline of art to whom the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general name of " machinist " is applied . He is not to be confounded with another Franceschini of the same class, and of rather later date, also of no small See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence in his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time—the See also:

• CAVALIERE, EMILIO DEL

Cavaliere See also:

• MARCANTONIO [MARCANTONIO RAIMONDI]

Marcantonio Franceschini (1648-1729), who was a Bolognese . FRANCHE-See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

COMTE, a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France from 1674 to the Revolution . It was bounded on the E. by See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, on the S. by See also:

• BRESSE

Bresse and Bugey, on the N. by See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, and on the W. by the duchy of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy and by Bassigny, embracing to the E. of the See also:

• JURA
• JURA (" deer island ")

Jura the valley of the See also:

• SAONE

Saone and most of that of the See also:

• DOUBS

Doubs . Under the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans it corresponded to See also:

• MAXIMA

Maxima Sequanorum, and after having formed See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Burgundy was in the early part of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages split up into the four countships of Portois, Varais, Amons and Escuens . In the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century these four countships were See also:

• UNITED

united to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a whole, which came to be called the countship of Burgundy, and belonged at that time to the family of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• MACON
• MACON, NATHANIEL (1758-1837)

Macon . The limits of the countship were definitely settled under See also:

• OTTO

Otto See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, son of See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert or See also:

• ADALBERT (originally VOYTECH), (c. 950-997)
• ADALBERT, or ADELBERT (c. 1000-1072)

Adalbert, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Italy (f1o27), who on the See also:

• DEATH

death of his father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry (1002), tried to seize the duchy of Burgundy,but without success . The countship, which formed a See also:

• FIEF

fief dependent on the kingdom of Burgundy, passed to Renaud I., the second son of Otto William . When the kingdom of Burgundy was joined to the Germanic See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, he refused to pay See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Henry III., whose See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty over him never existed except in theory .

William I., surnamed the See also:

• GREAT

Great or Headstrong (1059-1087), still further added to' the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house by marrying Etiennette, heiress of the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne, and by acquiring from his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy, when the latter became a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk at See also:

• CLUNY, or CLUGNY

Cluny, the countship of Macon . One of his sons, Guy, became See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, under the name of See also:

• CALIXTUS, GEORG (1586-1656)
• CALIXTUS, or CALLISTUS

Calixtus II . His See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson, Renaud III . (1097-1148), in his turn refused to pay homage to the emperor See also:

• LOTHAIR (825-869)
• LOTHAIR (941–986)

Lothair, who retaliated by confiscating his dominions and giving them to See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad of See also:

• ZAHRINGEN

Zahringen . Renaud, however, succeeded in maintaining until his death his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the countships of Burgundy, Vienne and Macon . He left as See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole heiress a daughter, Beatrix, whom his See also:

• BROTHER

brother William III. imprisoned, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to make an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt on her See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance; she was set See also:

• FREE

free, however, by the emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa, who married her in 1156 . On the death of Beatrix (1185) the countship of Burgundy passed to Otto I . (1190-1200), the youngest but one of her sons, who had to dispute its possession with See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, count of See also:

• AUXONNE

Auxonne, the grandson of William III . Beatrix, the daughter and heiress of Otto I . (1200-1231), married Otto, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MERAN

Meran (1.1234), under whose See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government the inhabitants of See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon, which had been since the time of Frederick Barbarossa an imperial See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, formed themselves definitely into a See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune . Alix, daughter of Beatrix and of Otto of Meran, and heiress to the countship of Burgundy, marred See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh of Chalon, son of John the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient or the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise (d . 1248), and a descendant of William 931 of the countship in spite of strong opposition from the nobles of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, but their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, John of Chalon-Arlay, was compelled to make his submission .

Another of Otto's daughters married See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV., the Handsome, and both princesses, together with their See also:

• SISTER

sister-in-law See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret of Burgundy, were concerned in the celebrated trial of the Tour de See also:

• NESLE

Nesle . Jeanne, however, continued to govern her countship when See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband became king of France (Philip V., " the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long ") . Jeanne, their daughter and heiress, married See also:

• ODO

Odo IV., duke of Burgundy (1330-1347), and her sister Margaret became the wife of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis II., count of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders . The countship returned to Margaret at the death of Odo IV., who was succeeded in his duchy by his grandson Philip of Rouvre . The See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of Philip the Bold with Margaret, daughter of Louis of Male, caused Franche-Comte to pass to the princes of the ducal house of Burgundy, who kept it up till the death of Charles the Bold (1477) . On his death Louis XI. laid claim to the government of the countship as well as of the duchy, as trustee for the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the princess See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, who was closely related to him and destined to marry the dauphin (later Charles VIII.) . See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French garrisons occupied the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal towns, and the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Craon was appointed See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the country . In consequence of his severity there was a general rising, and at the same time Mary married See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian, See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, to whom her father had formerly betrothed her (Aug . 1477) . The French were expelled from the fortified towns and Craon beaten by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM (1829-1895)
• DALE, SIR THOMAS (d. 1619)

Dale . Charles of See also:

• AMBOISE
• AMBOISE, GEORGES

Amboise, who took his place, reconquered the province, and even Besancon submitted to the authority of the king of France, who promised to respect its privileges . On the death of Louis XI .

(1483), the estates of Franche-Comte recognized as See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign his son Charles, who was betrothed to the little Margaret of Burgundy, daughter of Maximilian and Mary (d . 1482), but when Charles VIII. refused Margaret's See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in order to marry See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne of See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany there was a fresh rising, and the French were again driven out . The treaty of Senlis (23rd May 1483) put an end to the struggle: Charles abandoned all his pretensions, and Maximilian was thus left in possession of Franche-Comte, the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of which he handed on to his son Philip and ultimately to the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . He had, however, constituted his daughter Margaret sovereign-governess of Franche-Comte for See also:

• LIFE

life, and under the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of this princess (who died in 1530), as under the See also:

• RULE

rule of Charles V., the country enjoyed See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, paying a " See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

don gratuit" of 200,000 livres every three years, and being actually governed by the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of D61e, and by See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors chosen from the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of the country . It was Franche-Comte which furnished Philip II. of Spain with one of his best counsellors, See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Perrenot de See also:

• GRANVELLA, ANTOINE PERRENOT, CARDINAL DE

Granvella . In the 16th century the country was disturbed by the See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant doctrines, which gained adherents especially in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• MONTBELIARD

Montbeliard, and later by the See also:

• WARS

wars between France and Spain . In 1595 the armies of Henry IV. levied contributions on Besancon and other towns; but the people of Franche-Comte succeeded in obtaining See also:

• SPECIAL

special terms of See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality in order to shelter themselves from injury from either of the parties in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and enjoyed a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• CALM

calm under the government of the infanta See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara See also:

• EUGENIE

Eugenie and the archduke Albert (1599-1621) . But the country suffered greatly from the ravages of the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War, from the presence of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the Condes, which besieged D61e, from the devastation of the troops of See also:

• GALLAS
• GALLAS, MATTHIAS, COUNT OF CAMPO, DUKE OF LUCERA (1584-1647)

Gallas, and later of those of See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard of See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe-See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar . The See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia (1648) confirmed Spain in the possession of Franche-Comte . In I668 the French again entered it, and the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, of which the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations had been laid by the intrigues of the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of Watteville and the French party constituted by him, was easily accomplished by See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde and See also:

• LUXEMBURG
• LUXEMBURG, FRANCOIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCYBOUTEVILLE, DUKE

Luxemburg, Louis XIV. directing the army in Franche-Comte for some time in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . None the less, the country was restored to Spain at the peace of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), but in 1674 Louis headed another expedition there . Besancon capitulated after a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of twenty-seven days, and D61e and See also:

• SALINS

Salins also See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the invaders .

In 1678 the treaty of See also:

• NIJMWEGEN, NIMEGUEN, NYMEGEN

Nijmwegen gave Franche-Comte to France (the principality of Montbeliard remaining in the possession of the house of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg, which had acquired it by marriage), and it was in celebration of this conquest that the Arc de Triomphe of the Portes See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis and Saint See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris was erected . Franche-Comte became a military government (gouvernement) . The estates ceased to meet, and the old " don gratuil " was replaced by a tax which became increasingly heavy . Louis made Besancon, which See also:

• VAUBAN

Vauban fortified, into the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the province, and transferred to it the parliament and the university, the seat of which had hitherto been D61e . For purposes of administration, the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county was divided among the four great bailliages of Besancon, D61e, Amont (See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town See also:

• VESOUL

Vesoul) and Aval (chief town Salins) . At the Revolution were formed from it the departments of Jura, Doubs and Haute-Sabne . See Dunod, Histoire See also:

• DES

des Sequanois; Hist. du comte de Bourgogne (See also:

• DIJON

Dijon, 1735-1740) ; E . Clerc, Essai sur l'histoire de la Franche-Comte (2nd ed., Besancon, 1870) . (R .