Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

Encyclopedia Home

FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

FRANCIA (c. 1450-1517)

JOSE GASPAR RODRIGUEZ FRANCIA (c. 1757-1840)

FRANCIABIGIO (1482–1525)

FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)

FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)

FRANCIS JOSEPH I

ST FRANCIS OF ASSISI

FRANCIS OF MAYRONE [FRANCISCUS DE MAYR0NIs] (d. 1325)

FRANCIS OF PAOLA (or PAULA), ST

FRANCIS RUSSELL

FRANCIS SEMPILL (1616?—1682)

SIR PHILIP FRANCIS (174o-1818)

FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

CESAR FRANCK (1822-1890)

FRANCK, or FRANK [latinized FRANCUS], SEBASTIAN (c. 1499-c. 1543)

AUGUST HERMANN FRANCKE (1663-1727)

FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

COUNT NICOLAS LOUIS FRANCOIS DE NEUFCHATEAU (1750–1828)

FRANCOIS LOUIS DE BOURBON

FRANCOIS TURRETIN (1623-1687)

FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

JAKOB FRANK (1726-1791)

ZECHARIAS FRANKEL (1801-1875)

LUDWIG AUGUST FRANKL (1810-1894)

SIR EDWARD FRANKLAND (1825-1899)

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)

SIR JOHN FRANKLIN (1786-1847)

WILLIAM BUEL FRANKLIN (1823-1903)

FRANKPLEDGE (Lat. francum plegium)

SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON FRANKS (1826-1897)

FRANZ EGON (1625-1682)

FRANZ JOSEF LAND

ROBERT FRANZ (1815-1892)

FRANS MIKAEL FRANZEN (1772-1847)

KARL EMIL FRANZOS (1848–1904)

ALEXANDER CAMPBELL FRASER (1819– )

JAMES FRASER (1818-1885)

JAMES BAILLIE FRASER (1783--1856)

SIR WILLIAM AUGUSTUS FRASER

FRASERVILLE (formerly Riviere du Loup en Bas)

FRATER HOUSE FRATER

COLLEGE FRATERNITIES

FRATICELLI (plural diminutive of Ital. frate, brother)

FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

ABRAHAM FRAUNCE (c. 1558-1633)

JOSEPH VON FRAUNHOFER (1787-1826)

FRAUSTADT (Polish, Wszowa)

COMTE AE DENIS ANTOINE LUC FRAYSSINOUS (1765-1841)

FREDEGOND (Fredigundis) (d. 597)

HAROLD FREDERIC (1856-1898)

FREDERICIA (FRIEDERIc1A)

FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

FREDERICK AUGUSTUS H

FREDERICK AUGUSTUS HERVEY

FREDERICK AUGUSTUS I

FREDERICK CHARLES (FRIEDRICH KARL NIKOLAUS), PRINCE (1828-1885)

FREDERICK HENRY (1584-1647)

FREDERICK HOWARD

FREDERICK LOUIS (1707-1751)

FREDERICK NORTH

FREDERICK WILLIAM (162o—1688)

FREDERICK WILLIAM HERVEY

FREDERICK WILLIAM I

FREDERICK WILLIAM II

FREDERICK WILLIAM III

FREDERICK WILLIAM IV

FREDRIKSHALD (FREDERIKSHALD, FRIEDRICHSHALL)

FREDRIKSTAD (FREDERIKSTAD)

FREE CHURCH FEDERATION

FREE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

FREE CHURCH OF SCOTLAND

FREE REED VIBRATOR (Fr. anche libre, Ger. durchschlagende Zunge, Ital. ancia or lingua libera)

FREE SOIL PARTY

EDWARD AUGUSTUS FREEMAN (1823-1892)

FREIBERG, or FREYBERG

FREIBURG IM BREISGAU

FREIDANK (VRIDANC)

FREIGHT (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

JOHN FREIND (1675-1728)

JOHANN FREINSHEIM [FREINSHEMIUS] (16o8-1660)

FRANCISCO JOSE FREIRE (1719-1773)

FREDERICK THEODORE FRELINGHUYSEN (1817-1885)

EMMANUEL FREMIET (1824- )

JOHN CHARLES FREMONT (1813-1890)

EDMOND FREMY (1814–1894)

FRENCH BOXING (la boxe francaise)

FRENCH LANGUAGE

FRENCH LITERATURE

FRENCH POTTERY FROM THE 15TH TO THE 19TH

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS (1792-1800)

FRENCH WEST AFRICA (L'Afrique occidentale francaise)

DANIEL CHESTER FRENCH (1850– )

NICHOLAS FRENCH (1604-1678)

CHARLES SMILE FREPPEL (1827-1891)

JOHN HOOKHAM FRERE (1769-1846)

PIERRE EDOUARD FRERE (1819-1886)

SIR HENRY BARTLE EDWARD FRERE (1815-1884)

NICOLAS FRERET (1688-1749)

ELIE CATHERINE FRERON (1719-1776)

LOUIS MARIE STANISLAS FRERON (1754-1802)

FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

GIROLAMO FRESCOBALDI (1583-1644)

KARL REMIGIUS FRESENIUS (1818-1897)

AUGUSTIN JEAN FRESNEL (1788-1827)

CHARLES ALPHONSE DU FRESNOY (1611—1665)

WILHELM FREUND (1806—1894)

ACCEPTED FREWEN (1588—1664)

FREY (Old Norse, Freyr)

CHARLES LOUIS DE SAULCES DE FREYCINET (1828- )

LOUIS CLAUDE DESAULSES DE FREYCINET (1779-1842)

GUSTAV FREYTAG (1816–1895)

FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

FRIBOURG [Ger. Freiburg]

FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

CHARLES FRIEDEL (1832-1899)

MEIR FRIEDMANN (1831—1908)

FRIEDRICH BALDUIN

FRIEDRICH WILHELM KRUMMACHER (1796-1868)

JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1836— )

FRIEDRICHSHAFEN

SOCIETY FRIENDS

SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

ELIAS MAGNUS FRIES (1794–1878)

JOHN FRIES (c. 1764-1825)

FRIESLAND, or VRIESLAND

FRIGIDARIUM TEPIDARIUM CALIDARIUM FIG

JOHAN FRIIS (1494-1570)

PRINCE OF ANTRODOCCO COUNT OF PALOTA JOHANN MARIA PHILIPP FRIMONT (1759-1831)

PHILIPP NIKODEMUS FRISCHLIN (1547—1S9o)

PAOLO FRISI (1728—1784)

FRISIAN ISLANDS

FRISIANS (Lat. Frisii; in Med. Lat. Frisones, Frisiones, Fresones; in their own tongue Frsasa, FrPsen)

FRITH (or FRYTH), JOHN (c. 1503-1533)

WILLIAM POWELL FRITH (1818-19og)

FRITILLARY (Fritillaria: from Lat. fritillus, a chess-board, so called from the chequered markings on the petals)

FRIULI (in the local dialect, Furlanei)

JOANNES FROBEN [FROBEN1us] (c. 1460—1527)

SIR MARTIN FROBISHER (c. 1535—1594)

FRIEDRICH WILHELM AUGUST FROEBEL (1782-1852)

ABRAHAM EMANUEL FROHLICH (1796-1865)

JAKOB FROHSCHAMMER (1821-1893)

JEAN FROISSART (1338-1410?)

EUGENE FROMENTIN (1820-1876)

GASTON FROMMEL (1862-1906)

COMTE DE LOUIS DE BUADE FRONTENAC ET PALLUAU (1620--1698)

SEXTUS JULIUS FRONTINUS (c. A.D. 40-103)

FRONTISPIECE (through the French, from Med. Lat. frontispicium, a front view, frons, frontis, forehead or front, and specere, to look at; the English spelling is a mistaken adaptation to " piece ")

MARCUS CORNELIUS FRONTO (c. A.D. 100–170)

FROSINONE (anc. Frusino)

CHARLES AUGUSTE FROSSARD (1807–1875)

FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans

WILLIAM EDWARD FROST (1810–1877)

OCTAVIUS BROOKS FROTHINGHAM (1822-1895)

JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE (1818-1894)

LAEVULOSE FRUCTOSE

CARLO INNOCENZIO MARIA FRUGONI (1692—1768)

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

FRUIT AND FLOWER FARMING

FRUMENTIUS (c. 300-c. 360)

GEORG VON FRUNDSBERG (1473-1528)

FRUSTUM (Latin for a " piece broken off ")

PHILIP FRUYTIERS (1627–1666)

ELIZABETH FRY (178o-1845)

SIR EDWARD FRY (1827– )

ANDERS FRYXELL (1795-1881)

FUAD PASHA (1815-1869)

JOHANN NEPOMUK VON FUCHS (1774-1856)

LEONHARD FUCHS (15o1-1566)

FUCHSINE, or MAGENTA

LAGO DI [Lat. Lacus Fucinus] FUCINO

FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

FUENTE OVEJUNA [Fuenteovejuna]

FUENTERRABIA (formerly sometimes written Fontarabia; Lat. Fons Rapidus)

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS

FUGLEMAN (from the Ger. Flugelmann, the man on the Fliigel or wing)

FUGUE (Lat. fuga, flight)

JOSEPH VON FUHRICH (1800-1876)

FUJI (Fuji-san, Fujiyama, Fusiyama)

FULA (FULBE, FELLATAH or PEULS)

FULCHER (or FoucriEa) OF CHARTRES (Io58-c. 1130)

FABIUS PLANCIADES FULGENTIUS

FULGINIAE (mod. Foligno)

FULGURITE (from Lat. fulgur, lightning)

FULK NERRA (c. 970-1040)

WILLIAM FULKE (1538-1589)

GEORG GUSTAV FULLEBORN (1769-1803)

ANDREW FULLER (1954-1815)

GEORGE FULLER (1822—1884)

MARCHIONESS MARGARET FULLER

MELVILLE WESTON FULLER (1833-1910)

THOMAS FULLER (16o8-1661)

WILLIAM FULLER (1670--c. 1717)

LADY GEORGIANA CHARLOTTE FULLERTON (1812-1885)

HCNO FULMINIC ACID

ROBERT FULTON (1765—1815)

FUM, or FUND HWANG

FUMARIC AND MALEIC ACIDS

FUMIGATION (from Lat. fumigare, to smoke)

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM

FUNGI (p1. of Lat. fungus, a mushroom)

FUNJ (FUNNIYEH, FUNG, FUNGHA)

FUNNEL (through an O. Fr. founil, found in Breton, from Lat. infundibulum, that through which anything is poured, from fundere, to pour)

FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

FURAZANES (furo—a.a'—diazoles)

ANTOINE FURETILRE (1619-1688)

FURFURANE (3r FURANE, C4H40, a colourless liquid boiling at 32° C., found in the distillation products of pine wood. It was first synthetically prepared by H. Limpricht (Ann., 1873, 165, p. 281)

FURIES (Lat. Furiae, also called DIRAE)

FURLONG (from the 0. Eng. furlang, i.e. " furrow-long ")

TOBIAS FURNEAUX (1735-1781)

FURNES (Flem. Veurne)

HORACE HOWARD FURNESS (1833– )

HARRY FURNISS (1854– )

FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

FREDERICK JAMES FURNIVALL (1825-1910)

CHARLES WELLINGTON FURSE (1868-1904)

JULIUS FURST (1805-1873)

ADOLF FURTWANGLER (1853–1907)

FUSEL OIL (from the Ger. Fusel, bad spirits)

HENRY FUSELI (1741-1825)

JOHANN FUST ( ?-1466)

NUMA DENIS FUSTEL DE COULANGES (1830–1889); French historian, was born in Paris on the 18th of March 183o, of Breton descent. After studying at the Ecole Normale Superieure he was sent to the French school at Athens in 1853, directed some excavations in

FUSTIC (Fr. fusloc, from Arab. fustuq, Gr. =rw-r&Krl, pistachio) YELLOW

JOHANN JOSEPH FUX (1660-174.1)

JOHANNES FYT (1609-1661)

FYZABAD, or FAIZABAD

JOHANN NIKOLAUS G6TZ (1721-1781)

KRISTOFFER GABEL (1617-x673)

HANS CONON VON DER GABELENTZ (1807-1874)

GABELLE (French, from the Med. Lat. gabulum, gablum, a tax, for the origin of which see GAVELKIND)

GABERDINE, or GABARDINE

GABION (a French word derived through Ital. gabbione, gabbia, from Lat. cavea, a cage)

GEORG ANDREAS GABLER (1786-1853)

GABLETS (diminutive of "gable")

GABLONZ (Czech, Jablonec)

EMILE GABORIAU (1833–1873)

GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

GIOVANNI GABRIELI (1557-1612?)

LOUIS PROSPER GACHARD (1800-1885)

GADAG, or GARAG

NIELS WILHELM GADE (1817-189o)

GADOLINIUM (symbol Gd., atomic weight 157.3)

CHRISTOPHER GADSDEN (1724-1805)

JAMES GADSDEN (1788-1858)

GAEKWAR, or GUICOWAR

GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

GAETANI, or CAETANI