See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)  , See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva and See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church (1877), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Sales, near See also:

• ANNECY

Annecy, See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy . His See also:

• FATHER

father, also See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois, See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Sales, but better known as M. de Boisy, a nobleman and soldier, had been employed in various affairs of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, but in 156o, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-eight, settled down on his ancestral estates and married Francoise de Sionnay, a Savoyard like himself, and an heiress . St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis, the first See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of this See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union, was born in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August r 567 when his See also:

• MOTHER

mother was in her fifteenth See also:

• YEAR

year . M. de Boisy was renowned for his experience and See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment, and both parents were distinguished by piety, love of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, charity to the poor, qualities which See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early showed themselves in their eldest son . He received his See also:

• EDUCATION

education first at La See also:

• ROCHE, SIR BOYLE, BART

Roche, in the Arve valley, then at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of Annecy, founded by Eustace Chappius, See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., in 1544 . At the age of thirteen or fourteen he went to the Jesuit College of Clermont at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he stayed till the summer of 1588, and where helaid the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of his profound knowledge, while perfecting himself in the exercises of a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young nobleman and practising a See also:

• LIFE

life of exemplary virtue . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time also he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed an ardent love of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country which was politically in antagonism with his own, though so closely linked to it geographically, socially and by See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . At the end of 1588 he went to See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, to take his degree in See also:

• CANON

canon and See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, a necessary prelude in Savoy at that time to distinction in a civil Career . His See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, however, especially from the date of his receiving the See also:

• TONSURE (Lat. tonsura, from tondere, to shave)

tonsure (1578), was already turned towards the Church, and he gave his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention even more to See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, under the See also:

• GREAT

great masters See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio Possevino, S.J., and Gesualdo, afterwards See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the Friars See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, than to his legal course . " At Padua," he said to a friend, " I studied law to please my father, and theology to please myself." In that licentious university Francis found the greatest difficulty in resisting attacks on his virtue, and once at least had to draw his See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword to defend his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal safety against a See also:

• BAND

band of ruffians . The gentleness for which he was already renowned was not that of a weak, but of a strong See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . He returned to Savoy in 1592, and, while seeking the occasion to overcome his father's resistance to his See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of embracing the ecclesiastical profession, took the diploma of See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate to the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate .

Meantime, without his knowledge, his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends procured for him the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost of the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of Geneva, an See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour which reconciled M. de Boisy to the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of more ambitious hopes . After a year of zealous See also:

• WORK

work as preacher End director he was sent by the bishop, See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude de Granier, to try and win back the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Chablais, which had embraced Calvinism when usurped by See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern in 1535, and had retained it even after its restitution to Savoy in 1564 . At first the See also:

• PEOPLE

people refused to listen to him, for he was represented to them as an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of Satan, and all who had dealings with him were threatened with the vengeance of the See also:

• CONSISTORY (Lat. consistorium, literally, a standing place, hence meeting place, waiting or audience chamber)

consistory . He therefore wrote out his See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message on sheets which were passed from See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand to hand, and these, with the spectacle of his virtues and disinterestedness, soon produced a strong effect . The sheets just spoken of still exist in the Chigi library at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and were published, though with many alterations, in 1672, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• LES

Les Controverses . This must be considered the first work of St Francis . The re-erection of a wayside See also:

• CROSS

cross in Annemasse, at the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of Geneva, amid an enormous concourse of converts, an event which closed the three years of his apostolate, led to the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the Defense . . . de la Croix, published in 1600 . An illness brought on by toil and privation forced him to leave his work to others for nearly a year, but in August 1598 he re-turned to his See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of labour, and in See also:

• OCTOBER

October of that year practically the whole country was See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic again . Up to that time See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching and See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference had been the only weapons employed . The stories of the use of soldiers to produce simulated See also:

• CON

con-versions are incorrect.' Possibly the lamentable events of the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of 1589 in See also:

• GEX

Gex and Chablais have been applied to the 1 This, at least, is the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account given by Catholic authorities . Less favourable is the view taken by non-Catholic historians, which seems in some measure to be confirmed by St Francis himself .

According to this, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke Charles See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel ofSavoy, who succeeded his more tolerant father in 1580, was determined to reduce the Chablais to the Catholic See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, by peaceful means if possible, by force if necessary . After two years of preaching Francis wrote to the duke (Qfui,res comp'. ii. p . 551): " During 27 months I have scattered the See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed of the Word of See also:

• GOD

God in this miserable See also:

• LAND

land; shall I say among thorns or on stony ground ? Certainly, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save for the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of the seigneur d'Avully and the advocate PonCet, I have little to boast of." In the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1596-1597 Francis was at See also:

• TURIN

Turin, and at his See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion the duke decided on a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for the See also:

• COERCION (from Lat. coercere, to restrain)
• COERCION, CONTRACT

coercion of the refractory Protestants . This plan anticipated that employed later by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV. against the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots in France . The Calvinist ministers were expelled; See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant books were confiscated and destroyed ; the acts of Protestant lawyers and officials were declared invalid . The country was flooded with See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits and friars, whose arguments were reinforced by quartering troops, veterans of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• WARS

wars in See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, on the refractory inhabitants . Those whose stubborn persistence in See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error survived all these inducements to repent were sent into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . Seethe See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz von Sales " by J . Ehni in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadis (3rd ed., See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1899) . (W A . P.) See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period 1594-1598 .

In October of this last year, however, the duke. of Savoy, who came then to assist in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person at the great religious feasts which celebrated the return of the country to unity of faith, expatriated such of the leading men as obstinately refused even to listen to the Catholic arguments . He also forbade Calvinist ministers to reside in the Chablais, and substituted Catholic for Huguenot officials . St Francis concurred in these See also:

• MEASURES

measures, and, three years later, even requested that those who, as he said, " follow their See also:

• HERESY

heresy, rather as a party than a religion," should be ordered either to conform or to leave their country, with leave to sell their goods . His conduct, judged not by a See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, but by the ideas of his age, will be found compatible with the highest See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian charity, as that of the duke with sound See also:

• POLITICAL

political prudence . At this time he was nominated to the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope as coadjutor of Geneva,' and after a visit to Rome he assisted Bishop de Granier in the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the newly converted countries and of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese at large . In 1602 he made his second visit to the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, when his transcendent qualities brought him into the closest relations with the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV., and made him the spiritual father of that circle of select souls who centred See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Madame See also:

• MARIE

Marie . Among the celebrated personages who became his life friends from this time were See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre de Berulle, founder of the French Oratorians, See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume See also:

• DUVAL, ALEXANDRE VINCENT
• DUVAL, CLAUDE (1643–1670)

Duval, the See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, and the duc de See also:

• BELLEGARDE
• BELLEGARDE, HEINRICH JOSEPH JOHANNES, COUNT VON (1756-1845)

Bellegarde, the latter a See also:

• SPECIAL

special favourite of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, who begged to be allowed to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint's friendship . At this time also his See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift as a preacher became fully recognized, and de Sanzea, afterwards bishop of See also:

• BETHLEHEM
• BETHLEHEM (Heb. " House of Bread," or, according to a more questionable etymology, " of [the god] Lakhmu ")

Bethlehem, records that Duval exhorted all his students of the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne to listen to him and to imitate this, " the true and excellent method of preaching." His principles are expressed in the admirable See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre Fremyot of October 1604 . De Granier died in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1602, and the new bishop entered on the administration of his vast diocese, which, as a contemporary says, " he found See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble." His first efforts were directed to securing a virtuous and well-instructed See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, with its consequence of a people worthy of their pastors . All his time was spent in preaching, confessing, visiting the sick, relieving the poor . His zeal was not confined to his diocese . In See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with Jeanne Francoise Fremyot (1572–1641), widow of the See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron de Chantal, whose acquaintance he made while preaching through See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent at See also:

• DIJON

Dijon in 1604, he founded the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the Visitation, in favour of " strong souls with weak bodies," as he said, deterred from entering the orders already existing, by their inability to undertake severe See also:

• CORPORAL

corporal austerities .

The institution rapidly spread, counting twenty houses before his See also:

• DEATH

death and eighty before that of St Jeanne . The care of his diocese and of his new See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation were not enough for his ardent charity, and in 1609 he published his famous Introduction to a Devout Life, a work which was at once tscanslated into the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and of which he himself published five See also:

• EDITIONS

editions . In 1616 appeared his See also:

• TREATISE

Treatise on the Love of God, which teaches that perfection of the spiritual life to which the former work is meant to be the " Introduction." The important Lents of 1617 and 1618 at See also:

• GRENOBLE

Grenoble were a prelude to a still more important apostolate in Paris, " the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre o'i the See also:

• WORLD

world," as St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent de See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul calls it . This third visit to the great See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city lasted from the autumn of 1618 to that of 1619; the See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• OBJECT

object of it was to assist in negotiating the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont with Chretienne of France, but nearly all his time was spent in preaching and See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy, spiritual or corporal . He was regarded as a living saint . St Vincent scarcely left him, and has given the most extraordinary testimonies (as yet unpublished) of his heroic virtues . See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

Mere Angelique See also:

• ARNAUD, HENRI (1641-1721)

Arnaud, who at this time put herself under his direction and wished to join the Order of the Visitation, attracted by its humility and sweetness, may be named as the most interesting of his innumerable penitents of this period . He returned to Savoy, and after three years more of unwearying labour died at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons on the 28th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1622 . A universal outburst of veneration followed; indeed his cult had already begun, and after ' With the title of See also:

• NICOPOLIS, or ACTIA NICOPOLIS

Nicopolis in partibus.—En . an episcopal inquiry the pontifical See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in view of his See also:

• BEATIFICATION (from the Lat. beatus, happy, blessed, and facere, to make)

beatification was instituted by See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the 21st of See also:

• JULY

July 1626, a celerity unique in the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of See also:

• RITES

Rites . The depositions of witnesses were returned to Rome in 1632, but meantime the forms of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery had been changed by See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban VIII., and the See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates could not at once continue their work . Eventually a new commission was issued in 1656, and on its See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report, into which were inserted nineteen of the former depositions, the " servant of God " was beatified in 1661 .

The See also:

• CANONIZATION

canonization took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in 1665 . Besides the works which we have named, there were published posthumously his Entretiens, i.e. a selection of the lectures given to the Visitation, reported by the sisters who heard them, some of his sermons, a large number of his letters, various See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TREATISES

treatises of devotion . The first edition of his See also:

• UNITED

united or so-called " See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete "' works was published at See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse in 1637 . Others followed in 1641, 1647, 1652, 1663, 1669, 1685 . ,The Lettrrs and Opuscules were re-published in 1768 . The only modern editions of the complete works which it is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth while to name are those of Blaise (1821), Vires (1856-1858), See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne (1861), and the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition published by the Visitation of Annecy, of which the 14th See also:

• VOLUME

volume. appeared in 1905 . The See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of St Francis de Sales was written immediately after his death by the celebrated P. de La See also:

• RIVIERE, BRITON (1840- )

Riviere and Dom See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John de St Francois (Goulu), as well as by two other authors of less importance . The saint's See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew and successor, Charles Auguste de Sales, brought out a more extended life, Latin and French, in 1635 . The lives of Giarda (165o), Maupas du Tour (1657) and Cotolendi (1687) add little to Charles Auguste . Marsollier's longer life, in two volumes 1700), is quite untrustworthy; still more so that by Loyau d'See also:

• AMBOISE
• AMBOISE, GEORGES

Amboise 1833), which is rather a See also:

• ROMANCE

romance than a biography . The lives by See also:

• HAMON, JEAN LOUIS (1821–1874)

Hamon (1856) and Perennes (186o), without adding much to preceding See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies, are serious and edifying . A complete life, founded on the lately discovered See also:

• PROCESS

process of 1626 and the new letters, was being prepared by the author of the See also:

• PRESENT

present article at the time of his death .

With the Lives must be mentioned the Esprit du B . F. de Sales by See also:

• CAMUS, ARMAND GASTON (1740-1804)
• CAMUS, CHARLES ETIENNE LOUIS (1699-1768)
• CAMUS, FRANCOIS JOSEPH DES (1672-1732)

Camus, bishop of See also:

• BELLEY

Belley, who, amid innumerable errors, gives various interesting traits and sayings of his saintly friend . Among the very numerous modern studies may be named an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay by See also:

• LEIGH
• LEIGH, EDWARD (1602–1671)

Leigh See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

Hunt entitled " The See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

Gentleman Saint " (The Seer, pt. ii . No . 40 ; a remarkable causerie by Sainte-Beuve (Lundis, 3rd See also:

• JAN

Jan . 1853) Le Revell du sentiment religioux en France au XVIP, siecle, by Strowski (Paris, 1898) ; Four Essays on S . F. de S. and Three Essays on S . F. de S. as Preacher, by Canon H . B . Mackey . (H . B .