See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

FRANCIS OF PAOLA (or PAULA), ST  , founder of the Minims, a religious See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of humble parentage at Paola in See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria in 1416, or according to the See also:

• BOLLANDISTS

Bollandists 1438 . As a boy he entered a Franciscan friary, but See also:

• LEFT

left it and went to live as a See also:

• HERMIT

hermit in a See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave on the seashore near Paola . Soon disciples joined him, and with the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's approval he built a church and monastery . At first they called themselves " Hermits of St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis "; but the See also:

• OBJECT

object they proposed to themselves was to go beyond even the strict Francis-cans in fasts and bodily austerities of all kinds, in poverty and in humility; and therefore, as the See also:

• FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans were the Minors (minores, less), the new order took the name of Minims (minimi, least) . By 1474 a number of houses had been established in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, and the order was recognized and approved by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope . In 1482 See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, being on his deathbed and See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing the reports of the holiness of Francis, sent to ask him to come and attend him, and at the pope's command he travelled to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . On this occasion See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip de See also:

• COMINES, or COMMINES (Flem. Komen)

Comines in his See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs says: " I never saw any See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man living so holily, nor out of whose mouth the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost did more manifestly speak." He remained with Louis till his See also:

• DEATH

death, and Louis' successor, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VIII., held him in such high esteem that he kept him in Paris, and enabled him to found various houses of his order in France; in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, too, houses were founded during Francis's lifetime . He never left France, and died in 1507 in the monastery of his order at Plessisles-See also:

• TOURS

Tours . The See also:

• RULE

Rule was so strict that the popes See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long hesitated to confirm it in its entirety; not until 1506 was it finally sanctioned . The most See also:

• SPECIAL

special feature is an additional See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow to keep a perpetual See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent of the strictest See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, not only flesh See also:

• MEAT

meat but See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and all See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal products—eggs, See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese, dripping—being forbidden, so that the See also:

• DIET

diet was confined to See also:

• BREAD

bread, vegetables, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit and oil, and See also:

• WATER

water was the only drink . Thus in See also:

• MATTER

matter of diet the Minims surpassed in austerity all orders in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, and probably all permanently organized orders in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . The strongly ascetical spirit of the Minims manifested itself in the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the superiors of the houses—not See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot (See also:

• FATHER

father), or See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior, or See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian, or See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, or See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector, but corrector; and the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior is the corrector general .

Notwithstanding its extreme severity the order prospered . At the death of the founder it had five provinces—Italy, France, Tours, Germany, Spain . Later there were as many as 450 monasteries, and some See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . There never was a See also:

• MINIM (adapted from Lat. minimus, the smallest; a superlative formed from the Indo-Germanic root min-, small)

Minim See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England or See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . It ranks as one of the Mendicant orders . In 1909 there were some twenty monasteries, mostly in Sicily, but one in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (S . See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea delle Fratte), and one in See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, in See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles and in See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow . There have been Minim nuns (only one See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent has survived, till recently at Marseilles) and Minim See also:

• TERTIARIES (Lat. tertiarii, from tertius, third)

Tertiaries, in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the Franciscan Tertiaries . The See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of the Minims is See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black . See See also:

• HELYOT, PIERRE (1660-1716)

Helyot, Hist. See also:

• DES

des ordres religieux (1714), vii. c . 56; Max Heimbucher, Orden and Kongregationen (1896), i . § 52; the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz von Paula " in Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexicon (ed .

2), and in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog, Realencyklopadie (ed . 3); Catholic See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary, See also:

• ART

art . " Minims." (E . C .