See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

PHILIP See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• SIR PHILIP FRANCIS (174o-1818)

FRANCIS (174o-1818)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English politician and pamphleteer, the supposed author of the Letters of See also:

• JUNIUS
• JUNIUS, FRANZ (in French, Francois du Jon)

Junius, and the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief antagonist of See also:

• WARREN
• WARREN, GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE (183o-1882)
• WARREN, JOSEPH (1741—1775)
• WARREN, MERCY (1728—1814)
• WARREN, MINTON (1850-1907)
• WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877)
• WARREN, SIR JOHN BORLASE, BART
• WARREN, WILLIAM (1812-1888)

Warren See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin on the 22nd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1740 . He was the only son of Dr See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis (c . 1708-1773), a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of some See also:

• LITERARY

literary celebrity in his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, known by his See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, See also:

• AESCHINES (389-314 B.C.)
• AESCHINES (5th century B.C.)

Aeschines and See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes . He received the rudiments of an excellent See also:

• EDUCATION

education at a See also:

• FREE

free school in Dublin, and afterwards spent a See also:

• YEAR

year or two (1751–1752) under his See also:

• FATHER

father's roof at Skeyton rectory, See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, and elsewhere, and for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time he had See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon as a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1753 he entered St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's school, See also:

• LONDON

London, where he remained for three years and a See also:

• HALF

half, becoming a proficient classical See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar . In 1756, immediately on his leaving school, he was appointed to a junior clerkship in the secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state's See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox (afterwards See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland), with whose See also:

• FAMILY

family Dr Francis was at that time on intimate terms; and this See also:

• POST

post he retained under the succeeding See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . In 1758 he was employed as secretary to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• BLIGH, WILLIAM (1754-1817)

Bligh in the expedition against See also:

• CHERBOURG

Cherbourg; and in the same capacity he accompanied the See also:

• EARL

earl of Kinnoul on his See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal in 176o . In 1761 he became personally known to See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt, who, recognizing his ability and discretion, once and again made use of his services as private See also:

• AMANUENSIS (a Latin word, derived from the phrase servus a menu, slave of the hand, a secretary)

amanuensis . In 1762 he was appointed to a See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal clerkship in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war office, where he formed an intimate friendship with See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher D'Oyly, the secretary of state's See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy, whose dismissal from office in 1772 was hotly resented by " Junius "; and in the same year he married See also:

• MISS

Miss Macrabie, the daughter of a retired London See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant .. : His See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official duties brought him into See also:

• DIRECT

direct relations with many who were well versed in the politics of the time . In 1763 the See also:

• GREAT

great constitutional questions arising out of the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of Wilkes began to be sharply canvassed . It was natural that Francis, who from a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age had been in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing occasionally to the See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers, should be eager to take an active See also:

• PART

part in the discussion, though his position as a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government official made it necessary that his intervention should be carefully disguised: He is known to have written to the Public See also:

• LEDGER (from the English dialect forms liggen or leggen, to lie or lay; in sense adapted from the Dutch substantive logger)

Ledger and Public Advertiser, as an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of the popular cause, on many occasions about and after the year 1763; he frequently attended debates in both Houses of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament, especially when See also:

• AMERICAN

American questions were being discussed; and between 1769 and 1771 he is also known to have been favourable to the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for the overthrow of the See also:

• GRAFTON
• GRAFTON, DUKES OF
• GRAFTON, RICHARD (d. 1572)

Grafton government and afterwards of that of Lord See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North, and for persuading or forcing Lord See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham into See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power .

In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1769 the first of the Letters of Junius appeared, and the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series was continued till January 21, 1772 . They had been pre-ceded by others under various signatures such as ," Candor," Father of Candor," " See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-See also:

• SEJANUS, LUCIUS AELIUS

Sejanus," " See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius," See also:

• NEMESIS

Nemesis," which have all been attributed, some of them certainly in See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error, to one and the same See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . The authorship of the Letters of Junius has been assigned to Francis on a variety of grounds (see JUNIUS) . In March 1772 Francis finally See also:

• LEFT

left the war office, and in See also:

• JULY

July of the same year he left See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England for a tour through See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, which lasted until the following See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December . On his return he was contemplating See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration to New England, when in See also:

• JUNE

June 1773 Lord North, on the recommendation of Lord See also:

• BARRINGTON, DAINES (1727-1800)
• BARRINGTON, GEORGE (b. 1755)
• BARRINGTON, JOHN SHUTE, 1ST V1SCOUNT (1678-1734)
• BARRINGTON, SAMUEL (1729-1800)
• BARRINGTON, SHUTE (1734-1826)
• BARRINGTON, WILLIAM WILDMAN SHUTE, 2ND VISCOUNT (1717-1793)

Barrington, appointed him a member of the newly constituted supreme See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal at a See also:

• SALARY

salary of £10,000 per annum . Along with his colleagues See also:

• MONSON, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1569-1643)

Monson and Clavering he reached See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta in October 1774, and a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long struggle with Warren Hastings, the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general, immediately began . These three, actuated probably by See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty See also:

• PERSONAL

personal motives, combined to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the council in harassing opposition to the governor-general's policy; and they even accused him of corruption, mainly on the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of See also:

• NUNCOMAR

Nuncomar . The See also:

• DEATH

death of Monson in 1776, and of Clavering in the following year, made Hastings again supreme in the council . But a dispute with Francis, more than usually embittered, led in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1780 to a See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute being delivered to the council See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board by Hastings, in which he stated that " he judged of the public conduct of Mr Francis by his experience of his private, which he had found to be void of truth and See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour." A See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel was the consequence, in which Francis received a dangerous See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound (see HASTINGS, WARREN) . Though his recovery was rapid and See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, he did not choose to prolong his stay abroad . He arrived in England in October 1781, and was received with little favour . Little is known of the nature of his occupations during the next two years, except that he was untiring in his efforts to See also:

• PRO

pro-cure first the recall, and afterwards the See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment of his hitherto triumphant adversary .

In 1783 Fox produced his See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• BILL

Bill, which led to the overthrow of the See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition government . In 1784 Francis was returned by the See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough of See also:

• YARMOUTH
• YARMOUTH (GREAT YARMOUTH)

Yarmouth, Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight; and although he took an opportunity to disclaim every feeling of personal animosity towards Hastings, this did not prevent him, on the return of the latter in 1785, from doing all in his power to bring forward and support the charges which ultimately lad to the impeachment resolutions of 1787 . Although excluded by a majority of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House from the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the managers of that impeachment, Francis was none the less its most energetic See also:

• PROMOTER

promoter, supplying his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke and See also:

• SHERIDAN
• SHERIDAN, PHILIP HENRY (1831-1888)

Sheridan with all the materials for their eloquent orations and burning invectives . At the general See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of 1790 he was returned member for Bletchingley . He sympathized warmly and actively with the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French revolutionary doctrines, expostulating with Burke on his vehement denunciation of the same . In 1793 he supported See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey's See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion for a return to the old constitutional See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation, and so earned the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to be regarded as one of the earliest promoters of the cause of See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary reform; and he was one of the founders of the " Society of the Friends of the See also:

• PEOPLE

People." The acquittal of • Hastings in See also:

• APRIL

April 1795 disappointed Francis of the governor-generalship, and in 1798 he had to submit to the additional See also:

• MORTIFICATION

mortification of a defeat in the general election . He was' once more successful, however, in 18oz, when he sat for See also:

• APPLEBY

Appleby,'and it seemed as if the greatambitions of his See also:

• LIFE

life were about to be realized when the Whig party came into power in 1806: His disappointment was great when the governor-generalship was, owing to party exigencies, conferred on See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert Elliot (Lord See also:

• MINTO, EARLS OF
• MINTO, WILLIAM (1845-1893)

Minto); he declined, it is said, soon afterwards the government of the Cape, but accepted a K.C.B . Though re-elected for Appleby in 18o6, he failed to secure a seat in the following year; and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his life was spent in See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative privacy . Among the later productions of his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen were, besides the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

Plan of a Reform in the Election of the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons, See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets entitled Proceedings in the House of Commons on the Slave See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade (1796), Reflections on the Abundance of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

Paper in Circulation and the Scarcity of Specie (1810), See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Questions Exhibited (1818), and a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter to Earl Grey on the Policy of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies towards See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway (1814) . His first wife, by whom he had six See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, died in 1806, and in 1814 he married his second wife, Emma See also:

• WATKINS

Watkins, who long survived him, and who left voluminous See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts See also:

• RELATING

relating to his See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography . Francis died on the 23rd of December 1818 . In his domestic relations he was exemplary, and he lived on terms of mutual See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection with a wide circle of friends .

He was, however, full of vindictiveness, dissimulation and treachery, and there can be little doubt that in his historic conflict with Warren Hastings unworthy personal motives played a leading part .