See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

FRANCIS V  . (1819–1375), See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena, son of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis IV., succeeded his See also:

• FATHER

father in 1846 . Although less cruel and also less intelligent than his father, he had an equally high See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of his own authority . His reign began with disturbances at Fivizzano and See also:

• PONTREMOLI

Pontremoli, which See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany surrendered to him according to treaty but against the wishes of the inhabitants (1847), and at See also:

• MASSA

Massa and See also:

• CARRARA
• CARRARA, or CARRARESI

Carrara, where the troops shot down the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Feeling his position insecure, the duke asked for and obtained an See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison, but on the outbreak of revolution throughout See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1848, further disorders occurred in the duchy, and on the loth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March he fled with his See also:

• FAMILY

family to See also:

• MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua . A provisional See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was formed, and See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers were raised who fought with the Piedmontese against See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . But after the Piedmontese defeat Francis returned to Modena, with Austrian assistance, in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and conferred many appointments on Austrian See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . Like his father, he interfered in the minutest details of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and instituted proceedings against all who were suspected of Liberalism . Not content with the severity of his See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, he overrode their sentences in favour of harsher_punishments . The disturbances at Carrara were ruthlessly suppressed, and the prisons filled with politicals . In 1859 See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Modenese fled across the frontier to join the Piedmontese See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, as See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with Austria seemed imminent; and after the Austrian defeat at See also:

• MAGENTA

Magenta the duke See also:

• LEFT

left Modena to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead his army in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person against the Piedmontese, taking with him the contents of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• TREASURY

treasury and many valuable books, pictures, coins, tapestries and See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture from the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . The events of 1859–186o made his return impossible; and after a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short spell of provisional government the duchy was See also:

• UNITED

united to Italy .

He retired to Austria, and died at See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1875 . BiamoGxppay.—N . Bianchi, I Ducati Estensi (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1852) ; See also:

• GALVANI, LUIGI (1737-1798)

Galvani, Memorie di S.A.R . See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco IV (Modena, 1847); Documenti riguardanti ii governo degli Austro-Estensi in Modena (Modena, 186o) ; C . ,Tivaroni, L'Italia dvcrante it domino austriaco, is 6o6,653 (Turin, 1892), and L'Italia degli See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, i . 114-125 (Turin, 1895); Silingardi, ' Ciro Menotti," in the Rivista europea (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 188o) ; F . A . Gualterio, Gli ultimi rivolgimenti italiani (Florence, 185o) See also:

• BAYARD, PIERRE TERRAIL, SEIGNEUR DE (1473–1524)
• BAYARD, THOMAS FRANCIS (1828-1898)

Bayard de See also:

• VOLO

Volo, Vita di Francesco V (4 vols., Modena, 1878-1885) . (L .