See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

AUGUST See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

HERMANN See also:

• AUGUST HERMANN FRANCKE (1663-1727)

FRANCKE (1663-1727)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant divine, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 22nd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1663 at See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck . He was educated at the gymnasium in See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, and afterwards at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt, See also:

• KIEL

Kiel, where he came under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the pietist See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Kortholt (1633-1694), and See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig . During his student career he made a See also:

• SPECIAL

special study of See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek; and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to learn Hebrew more thoroughly, he for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time put himself under the instructions of See also:

• RABBI

Rabbi See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra Edzardi at See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg . He graduated at Leipzig, where in 1685 he became a Privatdozent . A See also:

• YEAR

year later, by the help of his friend P . Anton, and with the approval and encouragement of P . J Spener, he founded the Collegium Philobiblicum, at which a number of graduates were accustomed to meet for the systematic study of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, philologically and practically . He next passed some months at See also:

• LUNEBURG

Luneburg as assistant or See also:

• CURATE (from the Lat. curare, to take care of)

curate to the learned See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent, C . H . Sandhagen (1639-1697), and there his religious See also:

• LIFE

life was remarkably quickened. and deepened . On leaving Luneburg he spent some time in Hamburg, where he became a teacher in a private school, and made the acquaintance of Nikolaus See also:

• LANGE, ANNE FRANCOISE ELIZABETH (1772—1816)
• LANGE, ERNST PHILIPP KARL (1813—1899)
• LANGE, FRIEDRICH ALBERT (1828—1875)
• LANGE, JOHANN PETER (1802-1884)

Lange (1659-1720) . After a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long visit to Spener, who was at that time a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court preacher in See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, he returned to Leipzig in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1689, and began to give Bible lectures of an exegetical and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, at the same time resuming the Collegium Philobiblicum of earlier days .

He soon became popular as a lecturer; but the peculiarities of his teaching almost immediately aroused a violent opposition on the See also:

• PART

part of the university authorities; and before the end of the year he was interdicted from lecturing on the ground of his alleged See also:

• PIETISM

pietism . Thus it was that See also:

• FRANCKE, AUGUST HERMANN (1663-1727)

Francke's name first came to be publicly associated with that of Spener, and with pietism . Prohibited from lecturing in Leipzig, Francke in 1690 found See also:

• WORK

work at Erfurt as " See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon " of one of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city churches . Here his evangelistic fervour attracted multitudes to his See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching, including See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, but at the same time excited the anger of his opponents; and the result of their opposition was that after a See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of fifteen months he was commanded by the See also:

• CIVIL

civil authorities (27th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1691) to leave Erfurt within See also:

• FORTY

forty-eight See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours . The same year witnessed the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of Spener from Dresden . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, through Spener's influence, Francke accepted an invitation to fill the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of Greek and See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages in the new university of See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, which was at that time being organized by the elector See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick III. of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg; and at the same time, the chair having no See also:

• SALARY

salary attached to it, he was appointed pastor of Glaucha in the immediate neighbourhood of the See also:

• TOWN

town . He afterwards became See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . Here, for the next See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-six years, until his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 8th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1727, he continued to See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge the twofold See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of pastor and professor with rare See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and success . At the very outset of his labours he had been profoundly impressed with a sense of his responsibility towards the numerous outcast See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children who were growing up around him in See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance and See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime . After a number of tentative plans, he resolved in 1695 to See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute what is often called a " ragged school," supported by public charity . A single See also:

• ROOM

room was at first sufficient, but within a year it was found necessary to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, to which another was added in 1697 . In 1698 there were See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo orphans under his See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge to be clothed and fed, besides 5oo children who were taught as See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day scholars .

The See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in importance and are still known as the Francke'sche Stiftungen . The See also:

• EDUCATION

education given was strictly religious . Hebrew was included, while the Greek and Latin See also:

• CLASSICS

classics were neglected; the Homilies of Macarius took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides . The same principle was consistently applied in his university teaching . Even as professor of Greek he had given See also:

• GREAT

great prominence in his lectures to the study of the Scriptures; but he found a much more congenial See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere when, in 1698, he was appointed to the chair of theology . Yet his first courses of lectures in that See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department were readings and expositions of the Old and New Testament; and to this, as also to See also:

• HERMENEUTICS (Gr. Epµ-qvevrtKri, sc. 7E)(141, Lat. ars hermeneutica, from Epianvevety, to interpret, from Hermes, the messenger of the gods)

hermeneutics, he always attached special importance, believing that for theology a See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound exegesis was the one indispensable requisite . " Theologus nascitur in scripturis," he used to say; but during his occupancy of the theological chair he lectured at various times upon other branches of theology also . Amongst his colleagues were See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Anton (1661–1730), See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim J . Breithaupt (1658–1732) and Joachim Lange (1670-1744),–men like-minded with him-self . Through their influence upon the students, Halle became a centre from which pietism (q.v.) became very widely diffused over See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . His See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal contributions to theological literature were: Manuductio ad lectionem Scripturae Sacrae (1693); Praeleciiones hermeneuticae (1717) ; Commentatio de scopo librorum Veteris et Novi Testamenti (1724); and Lectiones paraeneticae (1726-1736) . The Manuductio was translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English in 1813, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title A See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide to the See also:

• READING

Reading and Study of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Scriptures .

An See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his orphanage, entitled Segensvolle Fussstapfen, &c . (1709), which subsequently passed through several See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, has also been partially translated, under the title The Footsteps of Divine See also:

• PROVIDENCE

Providence: or, The bountiful See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

Hand of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

Heaven defraying the Expenses of Faith . See H . E . F . See also:

• GUERICKE, HEINRICH ERNST FERDINAND (1803-1878)
• GUERICKE, OTTO VON (1602-1686)

Guericke's A . H . Francke (1827), which has been translated into English (The Life of A . H . Francke, 1837) ; Gustave Kramer's Beilrdge zur Geschichte A . H . Francke's (1861), and Neue Beitrage (1875) ; A .

See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein, A . H . Francke (3rd ed., 1894) ; See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopadie (ed . 1899) ; Knuth, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Francke'schen Stiftungen (2nd ed., 1903) .