See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS DE See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

BOURBON  , See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince de See also:

• CONTI, NICOLO
• CONTI, PRINCES OF

Conti (1664–1709), younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the preceding, was known until 1685 as prince de la See also:

• ROCHE, SIR BOYLE, BART

Roche-sur-See also:

• YON (1822-1847)

Yon . Naturally of See also:

• GREAT

great ability, he received an excellent See also:

• EDUCATION

education and was distinguished both for the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of his mind and the popularity of his See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners . On this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account he was not received with favour by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV.; so in 1683 he assisted the Imperialists in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, and while there he wrote some letters in which he referred to Louis as le roi du thedtre, for which on his return to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France he was temporarily banished to See also:

• CHANTILLY

Chantilly . Conti was a favourite of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle the great See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde, whose See also:

• GRAND

grand-daughter See also:

• MARIE

Marie Therese de See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon (1666–1732) he married in 1688 . In 1689 he accompanied his intimate friend See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal Luxembourg to the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, and shared in the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French victories at See also:

• FLEURUS

Fleurus, Steinkirk and See also:

• NEERWINDEN

Neerwinden . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, See also:

• JEAN

Jean Louis See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, duc de See also:

• LONGUEVILLE
• LONGUEVILLE, ANNE GENEVIEVE, DUCHESSE DE (1619—1679)

Longueville (1646–1694), Conti in accordance with his cousin's will, claimed the principality of See also:

• NEUCHATEL
• NEUCHATEL (Ger. Neuenburg)
• NEUCHATEL, LAKE OF

Neuchatel against Marie, duchesse de See also:

• NEMOURS
• NEMOURS, LORDS AND DUKES OF
• NEMOURS, LOUIS CHARLES PHILIPPE RAPHAEL

Nemours (1625–1707), a See also:

• SISTER

sister of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke . He failed to obtain military assistance from the Swiss, and by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's command yielded the disputed territory to Marie, although the courts of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law had decided in his favour . In 1697 Louis XIV. offered him the See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• CROWN

crown, and by means of bribes the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe de See also:

• POLIGNAC

Polignac secured his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . Conti started rather unwillingly for his new See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, probably, as St See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon remarks, owing to his See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for Frangoise, wife of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II., duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, and daughter of Louis XIV. and Madame de See also:

• MONTESPAN

Montespan . When he reached See also:

• DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig and found his See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus II., elector of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, already in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Polish crown, he returned to France, where he was graciously received by Louis, although St Simon says the king was vexed to see him again . But the misfortunes of the French armies during the earlier years of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession compelled Louis to appoint Conti, whose military renown stood very high, to command the troops in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . He See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell See also:

• ILL

ill before he could take the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, and died on the 9th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1709, his death calling forth exceptional signs of See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning from all classes .

Louts ARMAND DE BOURBON, prince de Conti (1696-1727), eldest son of the preceding, was treated with great liberalityby Louis XIV., and also by the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent, Philip duke of Orleans . He served under Marshal See also:

• VILLARS, CLAUDE LOUIS HECTOR DE, PRINCE DE

Villars in the War of the Spanish Succession, but he lacked the soldierly qualities of his See also:

• FATHER

father . In 1713 he married See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise Elisabeth (1693–1775), daughter of Louis See also:

• HENRI

Henri de Bourbon, prince de Conde, and grand-daughter of Louis XIV . He was a prominent supporter of the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial schemes of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Law, by which he made large sums of See also:

• MONEY

money . Louts See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS DE BOURBON, prince de Conti (1717-1776), only son of the preceding, adopted a military career, and when the war of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian Succession See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in 1741 accompanied Charles Louis, duc de Belle-Isle, to Bohemia . His services there led to his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to command the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in Italy, where he distinguished himself by forcing the pass of Villafranca and winning the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Coni in 1744 . In 1745 he was sent to check the Imperialists in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and in 1746 was transferred to the Netherlands, where some See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy between Marshal See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe and himself led to his retirement in 1747 . In this See also:

• YEAR

year a See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction among the Polish nobles offered Conti the crown of that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, where owing to the feeble See also:

• HEALTH

health of King Augustus III. a vacancy was expected . He won the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal support of Louis XV. for his candidature, although the policy of the French ministers was to establish the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Saxony in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, as the dauphiness was a daughter of Augustus . Louis therefore began See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret personal relations with his ambassadors in eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, who were thus receiving contradictory instructions; a policy known later as the secret du roi . Although Conti did not secure the Polish See also:

• THRONE

throne he remained in the confidence of Louis until 1755, when his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence was destroyed by the intrigues of Madame de See also:

• POMPADOUR, JEANNE ANTOINETTE POISSON LE NORMANT

Pompadour; so that when the Seven Years' War broke out in 1756 he was refused the command of the army of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, and began the opposition to the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration which caused Louis to refer to him as " my cousin the See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate." In 1771 he was prominent in opposition to the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor See also:

• MAUPEOU, RENE NICOLAS CHARLES AUGUSTIN (1714-1792)

Maupeou . He supported the parlements against the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, was especially active in his hostility to See also:

• TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, BARON DE

Turgot, and was suspected of aiding a rising which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at See also:

• DIJON

Dijon in 1775 .

Conti, who died on the 2nd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1776, inherited See also:

• LITERARY

literary tastes from his father, was a brave and skilful See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, arid a diligent student of military See also:

• HISTORY

history . His house, over which the comtesse de See also:

• BOUFFLERS, LOUIS FRANCCOIS
• BOUFFLERS, STANISLAS JEAN, CHEVALIER DE (1737-1815)

Boufflers presided, was the resort of many men of letters, and he was a See also:

• PATRON

patron of Jean Jacques See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau . Louts FRANCOIS See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH, prince de Conti (1734–1814), son of the preceding, possessed considerable See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent as a soldier, and distinguished himself during the Seven Years' War . He took the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Maupeou in the struggle between the chancellor and the parlements, and in 1788 declared that the integrity of the constitution must be maintained . He emigrated owing to the weakness of Louis XVI., but refused to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the plans for the invasion of France, and returned to his native country in 1790 . Arrested by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention in 1793, he was acquitted, but was reduced to poverty by the See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of his possessions . He afterwards received a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension, but the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory banished him from France, and as he refused to share in the plots of the royalists he lived at See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona till his death in 1814, when the house of Conti became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . See F. de See also:

• BASSOMPIERRE, FRANCOIS DE (1579-1646)

Bassompierre, Memoires (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1877) ; G . See also:

• TALLEMANT, GEDEON, SIEUR DES REAUX (1619—1692)

Tallemant See also:

• DES

des Reaux, Historiettes (Paris, 1854—186o) ; L. de R. duc de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Simon, Memoires (Paris, 1873) ; C . E. duchesse d'Orleans, Memoires (Paris, 188o) ; R . L . See also:

• MARQUIS

Marquis d'See also:

• ARGENSON

Argenson, See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal et memoires (Paris, 1859—1865) ; F .

J. de P. See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal de See also:

• BEMIS, EDWARD WEBSTER (186o—,, )

Bemis, Memoires et lettres (Paris, 1878) ; J . V . A. due de See also:

• BROGLIE, DE

Broglie, Le Secret du roi (Paris, 1878); P . A . See also:

• CHERUEL, PIERRE ADOLPHE (1809-1891)

Cheruel, Histoire de la manorite de Louis XIV et du ministere de See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin (Paris, 1879) ; E . Boutarie, Correspondance secrete de Louis X V sur la politique etrangere (Paris, 1866) ; P . Foncin, Essai sur le ministere de Turgot (Paris, 1877) ; E . See also:

• BOURGEOIS
• BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTE (1851– )

Bourgeois Neuchatel et la politique prussienne en Franche-See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte (Paris, 1877) .