See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• EDWARD

EDWARD See also:

• SIR EDWARD FRANKLAND (1825-1899)

FRANKLAND (1825-1899)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Churchtown, near See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster, on the 18th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1825 . After attending the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school at Lancaster he spent 'six years as an apprentice to a druggist in that See also:

• TOWN

town . In 1845 he went to See also:

• LONDON

London and entered See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon See also:

• PLAYFAIR, JOHN (1748-1819)
• PLAYFAIR, LYON PLAYFAIR

Playfair's laboratory, subsequently working under R . W . See also:

• BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CHARLES JOSIAS, BARON VON (1791-186o,)
• BUNSEN, ROBERT WILHELM VON (1811-1899)

Bunsen at See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg . In 1847 he was appointed See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science-See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master at Queenwood school, See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire, where he first met J . See also:

• TYNDALL, JOHN (182o-1893)

Tyndall, and in 1851 first See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry at See also:

• OWENS, JOHN (1790-1846)

Owens See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester . Returning to London six years later he became lecturer in chemistry at St See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, and in 1863 professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution . From an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he engaged in See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research with See also:

• GREAT

great success . See also:

• ANALYTICAL

Analytical problems, such as the See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation of certain organic radicals, attracted his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to begin with, but he soon turned to synthetical studies, and he was only about twenty-five years of age when an investigation, doubtless suggested by the See also:

• WORK

work of his master, Bunsen, on cacodyl, yielded the interesting See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the organo-metallic compounds . The theoretical deductions which he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew from the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of these bodies were even more interesting and important than the bodies themselves . Perceiving a molecular isonomy between them and the inorganic compounds of the metals from which they may be formed; he saw their true molecular type in the See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen, See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur or See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine compounds of those metals, from which he held them to be derived by the substitution of an organic See also:

• GROUP

group for the oxygen, sulphur, &c .

In this way they enabled him to over-throw the theory of conjugate compounds, and they further led him in 1852 to publish the conception that the atoms of each elementary substance have a definite saturation capacity, so that they can only combine with a certain limited number of the atoms of other elements . The theory of See also:

• VALENCY

valency thus founded has dominated the subsequent development of chemical See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine, and forms the groundwork upon which the fabric of See also:

• MODERN

modern structural chemistry reposes . In applied chemistry See also:

• FRANKLAND, SIR EDWARD (1825-1899)

Frankland's great work was in connexion with See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply . Appointed a member of the second royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission on the pollution of See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers in 1868, he was provided which, for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of six years, he carried on the inquiries necessary for the purposes of that See also:

• BODY

body, and was thus the means of bringing to See also:

• LIGHT

light an enormous amount of valuable See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information respecting the contamination of rivers by sewage, See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-refuse, &c., and the See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification of water for domestic use . In 1865, when he succeeded A . W. von See also:

• HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1818-1892)
• HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONRAD VON (1810—1877)
• HOFMANN, MELCHIOR (c. 1498—1543-4)

Hofmann at the School of Mines, he undertook the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of making monthly reports to the registrar-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general on the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the water supplied to London, and these he continued down to the end of his See also:

• LIFE

life . At one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was an unsparing critic of its quality, but in later years he became strongly convinced of its general excellence and wholesomeness . His analyses were both chemical and bacteriological, and his dissatisfaction with the processes in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue for the former at the time of his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment caused him to spend two years in devising new and more accurate methods . In 1859 he passed a See also:

• NIGHT

night on the very See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of Mont See also:

• BLANC, (JEAN JOSEPH CHARLES) LOUIS (1811-1882)
• BLANC, MONT

Blanc in See also:

• COMPANY

company with See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Tyndall . One of the purposes of the expedition was to discover whether the See also:

• RATE

rate of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion of a See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle varies with the See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere in which it is burnt, a question which was answered in the negative . Other observations made by Frankland at the time formed the starting-point of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of experiments which yielded far-reaching results . He noticed that at the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit the candle gave a very poor light, and was thereby led to investigate the effect produced on luminous flames by varying the pressure of the atmosphere in which they are burning .

He found that pressure increases luminosity, so that See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen, for example, the See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame of which in normal circumstances gives no light, See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns with a luminous flame under a pressure of ten or twenty atmospheres, and the inference he drew was that the presence of solid particles is not the only See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor that determines the light-giving See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of a flame, Further, he showed that the spectrum of a dense ignited See also:

• GAS

gas resembles that of an incandescent liquid or solid, and he traced a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the spectrum of an incandescent gas under increasing pressure, the See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp lines observable when it is extremely attenuated broadening out to nebulous bands as the pressure rises, till they See also:

• MERGE

merge in the continuous spectrum as the gas approaches a density comparable with that of the liquid See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . An application of these results to See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar physics in See also:

• CON

con-junction with See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• LOCKYER, SIR JOSEPH NORMAN (1836– )

Lockyer led to the view that at least the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external layers of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun cannot consist of See also:

• MATTER

matter in the liquid or solid forms, but must be composed of gases or vapours . Frankland and Lockyer were also the discoverers of See also:

• HELIUM (from Gr. i)Xcor, the sun)

helium . In 1868 they noticed in the solar spectrum a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright yellow See also:

• LINE

line which did not correspond to any substance then known, and which they therefore attributed to the then hypothetical See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, helium . Sir See also:

• EDWARD

Edward Frankland, who was made a K.C.B. in 1897, died on the 9th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1899 while on a See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday at Golaa, Gudbrandsdalen, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway . A memorial lecture delivered by Professor H . E . See also:

• ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1709-1779)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758—1843)
• ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839—1893)
• ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM GEORGE ARMSTRONG, BARON (1810—1900)

Armstrong before the London Chemical Society on the 31st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 19oi contained many See also:

• PERSONAL

personal details of Frankland's life, together with a full discussion of his scientific work; and a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Autobiographical Sketches was printed for private circulation in 1902 . His original papers, down to 1877, were collected and published in that See also:

• YEAR

year as Experimental Researches in Pure, Applied and See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Chemistry .