See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

BENJAMIN See also:

• FRANKLIN
• BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

FRANKLIN (1706-1790)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American diplomat, statesman and scientist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 17th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1706 in a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

Milk See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, opposite the Old See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts . He was the tenth son of See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

Josiah See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin, and the eighth See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child and youngest son of ten See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by Abiah Folger, his See also:

• FATHER

father's second wife . The See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Franklin was born at Ecton in See also:

• NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Northamptonshire, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where the strongly See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Franklin See also:

• FAMILY

family may be traced back for nearly four centuries . He had married See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young and had migrated from See also:

• BANBURY

Banbury to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1685 . See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin could not remember when he did not know how to read, and when eight years old he was sent to the Boston See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school, being destined by his father for the church as a tithe of his sons . He spent a See also:

• YEAR

year there and a year in a school for See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing and See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic, and then at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of ten he was taken from school by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government with a completely-equipped laboratory, in to assist his father in the business of a See also:

• TALLOW (M.E. talugh, talg, cf. Du. talk, L. Ger. talg ; the connexion with O.E. taelg, dye, or Goth, tulgus, firm, is doubtful)

tallow-See also:

• CHANDLER, HENRY WILLIAM (1828-1889)
• CHANDLER, RICHARD (1738-1810)
• CHANDLER, SAMUEL (1693-1766)
• CHANDLER, ZACHARIAH (1813-1879)

chandler and See also:

• SOAP

soap-See also:

• BOILER

boiler . In his thirteenth year he was apprenticed to his See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, who was establishing himself in the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing business, and who in 1721 started the New England Courant, one of the earliest See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers in See also:

• AMERICA

America . Benjamin's tastes had at first been for the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea rather than the See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit; now they inclined rather to intellectual than to other pleasures . At an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early age he had made himself See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with The See also:

• PILGRIM

Pilgrim's Progress, with See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke, On the Human Understanding, and with a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of The Spectator . Thanks to his father's excellent See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, he gave up writing doggerel See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse (much of which had been printed by his brother and sold on the streets) and turned to See also:

• PROSE

prose See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . His success in reproducing articles he had read in The Spectator led him to write an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article for his brother's See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, which he slipped under the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the printing See also:

• SHOP

shop with no name attached, and which was printed and attracted some See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . After repeated successes of the same sort Benjamin threw off his disguise and contributed regularly to the Courant .

When, after various journalistic indiscretions, James Franklin in 1722 was forbidden to publish the Courant, it appeared with Benjamin's name as that of the publisher and was received with much favour, chiefly because of the cleverness of his articles signed " Dr See also:

• JANUS

Janus," which, like those previously signed " See also:

• MISTRESS

Mistress Silence Dogood," gave promise of " Poor See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard." But Benjamin's management of the paper, and particularly his See also:

• FREE

free-thinking, displeased the authorities; the relations of the two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers gradually See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew unfriendly, possibly, as Benjamin thought, because of his brother's See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of his See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior ability; and Benjamin determined to quit his brother's employ and to leave New England . He made his way first to New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City, and then (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1723) to See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, where he got employment with a printer named See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel Keimer.' A rapid composer and a workman full of resource, Franklin was soon recognized as the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master spirit of the shop . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• KEITH
• KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758)
• KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1639-1716)
• KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE, VISCOUNT (1746-1823)

Keith (1680-1749), See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, urged him to start in business for himself, and when Franklin had unsuccessfully appealed to his father for the means to do so, Keith promised to furnish him with what he needed for the equipment of a new printing See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and sent him to England to buy the materials . Keith had repeatedly promised to send a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit by the See also:

• SHIP

ship on which Franklin sailed, but when the Channel was reached and the ship's mails were examined no such letter was found . Franklin reached See also:

• LONDON

London in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1724, and found employment first at See also:

• PALMER
• PALMER, EDWARD HENRY (1840-1882)
• PALMER, ERASTUS DOW (1817-1904)
• PALMER, GEORGE (1818-1897)
• PALMER, JOHN
• PALMER, RAY (1808-1887)
• PALMER, SAMUEL (1805-1881)
• PALMER, SIR CHARLES MARK, BART

Palmer's, a famous printing house in See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close, and afterwards at See also:

• WATTS, ALARIC ALEXANDER (1797-1864)
• WATTS, GEORGE FREDERICK (1817-1904)
• WATTS, ISAAC (1674-1748)

Watts's Printing House . At Palmer's he had set up a second edition of See also:

• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659--1724)
• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828)

Wollaston's See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion of Nature Delineated . To refute this See also:

• BOOK

book and to prove that there could be no such thing as religion, Ile wrote and printed a small pamphlet, A Dissertation on See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

Liberty and See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

Necessity, See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

Pleasure and See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

Pain, which brought him some curious acquaintances, and of which he soon became thoroughly ashamed . After a year and a half in London, Franklin was persuaded by a friend named See also:

• DENHAM, DIXON (1786–1828.)
• DENHAM, SIR JOHN (1615—1669)

Denham, a Quaker See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant, to return with him' to America and engage in See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile business; he accordingly gave up printing, but a few days before sailing he received a tempting offer to remain and give lessons in See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming—his feats as a swimmer having given him considerable reputation—and he says that he might have consented " had the overtures been sooner made." He reached Philadelphia in October 1726, but a few months later Denham died, and Franklin was induced by large See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages to return to his old employer Keimer; with Keimer he quarrelled repeatedly, thinking himself See also:

• ILL

ill used and kept only to See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train apprentices until they could in some degree take his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . 1 Keimer and his See also:

• SISTER

sister had come the year before from London, where he had learned his See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade; both were ardent members of the fanatic See also:

• BAND

band of " See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French prophets." He proposed See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a new See also:

• SECT

sect with the help of Franklin, who after leaving his shop ridiculed him for his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long square See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard and for keeping the seventh See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Keimer settled in the Barbadoes about 1730; and in 1731 began to publish at Bridgetown the semi-weekly Barbadoes See also:

• GAZETTE

Gazette . Selections from it called Caribbeana (1741) and A See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

Brand Plucked from the Burning, Exemplified in the Unparalleled See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

Case of Samuel Keimer (1715) are from his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen . He died about 1738 .

In 1728 Franklin and See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh See also:

• MEREDITH, GEORGE (1828-1908)

Meredith, a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-worker at Keimer's, set up in business for themselves; the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital being furnished by Meredith's father . In 1730 the See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership was dissolved, and Franklin, through the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial assistance of two See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, secured the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole management of the printing house . In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1729 he bought at a merely nominal See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price The See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania Gazette, a weekly newspaper which Keimer had started nine months before to defeat a similar project of Franklin's, and which Franklin conducted until 1765 . Franklin's superior management of the paper, his new type, " some spirited remarks " on the controversy between the Massachusetts See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly and Governor See also:

• BURNET
• BURNET, GILBERT (1643-1715)
• BURNET, THOMAS (1635-1715)

Burnet, brought his paper into immediate See also:

• NOTICE

notice, and his success both as a printer and as a journalist was assured and See also:

• COMPLETE

complete . In 1731 he established in Philadelphia one of the earliest circulating See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries in America (often said to have been the earliest), and in 1732 he published the first of his Almanacks, under the See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym of Richard Saunders . These " Poor Richard's Almanacks" were issued for the next twenty-five years with remarkable success, the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale averaging 1o,000 copies, and far exceeding the sale of any other publication in the colonies . Beginning in 1733 Franklin taught himself' enough French, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Latin to read these See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages with some ease . In 1736 he was chosen clerk of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Assembly, and served in this capacity until 1751 . In 1737 he had been appointed postmaster at Philadelphia, and about the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he organized the first See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police force and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire See also:

• COMPANY

company in the colonies; in 1749, after he had written Proposals See also:

• RELATING

Relating to the See also:

• EDUCATION

Education of Youth in Pensilvania, he and twenty-three other citizens of Philadelphia formed themselves into an association for the purpose of establishing an See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy, which was opened in 1751, was chartered in 1753, and eventually became the University of Pennsylvania; in 1727 he organized a debating See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club, the " Junto," in Philadelphia, and later he was one of the founders of the American Philosophical Society (1743; incorporated 1780); be took the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead in the organization of a See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia force, and in the paving of the city streets, improved the method of street See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting, and assisted in the founding of a city See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital (1751); in brief, he gave the impulse to nearly every measure or project for the welfare and prosperity of Philadelphia undertaken in his day . In 1751 he became a member of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, in which he served for thirteen years . In 1753 he and William See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

Hunter were put in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the See also:

• POST

post service of the colonies, which he brought in the next ten . years to a high See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of efficiency and made a financial success; this position he held until 1774 . He visited nearly every post office in the colonies and increased the See also:

• MAIL

mail service between New York and Philadelphia from once to three times a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week in summer, and from twice a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month to once a week in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter .

When See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France appeared imminent in 1754, Franklin was sent to the See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention, where he submitted his See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for colonial See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union (see ALBANY, N.Y.) . When the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home government sent over General See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• BRADDOCK
• BRADDOCK, EDWARD (1695?—1755),

Braddock' with two regiments of See also:

• BRITISH

British troops, Franklin undertook to secure the requisite number of horses and waggons for the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march against Ft . See also:

• DUQUESNE
• DUQUESNE, ABRAHAM, MARQUIS (1610-1688)

Duquesne, and became personally responsible for See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment to the Pennsylvanians who furnished them . Notwithstanding the alarm occasioned by Braddock's defeat, the old See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel between the proprietors of Pennsylvania and the assembly prevented any adequate preparations for See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence; " with incredible meanness " the proprietors had instructed their See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors to approve no See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act for levying the necessary taxes, unless the vast estates of the proprietors were by the same act exempted . So See also:

• GREAT

great was the confidence in Franklin in this emergency that early in r756 the governor of Pennsylvania placed him in charge of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western frontier of the province, with See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to raise troops, issue commissions and erect blockhouses; and Franklin remained in the See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness for over a month, superintending the See also:

• BUILDING

building ' The See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting between Franklin, the type of the shrewd, cool provincial, and Braddock, a blustering, blundering, drinking British soldier, is dramatically portrayed by See also:

• THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE (1811-1863)

Thackeray in the 9th See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of The Virginians.of forts and watching the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians . In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1757 the assembly, " finding the proprietary obstinately persisted in manacling their deputies with instructions inconsistent not only with the privileges of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, but with the service of the See also:

• CROWN

crown, resolv'd to See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king against them," and appointed Franklin as their See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent to See also:

• PRESENT

present the petition . He arrived in London on the 27th of See also:

• JULY

July 1757, and shortly afterwards, when, at a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference with See also:

• EARL

Earl See also:

• GRANVILLE
• GRANVILLE, GRANVILLE
• GRANVILLE, JOHN CARTERET, EARL (1690-1763)

Granville, See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, the latter declared that " the King is the legislator of the colonies," Franklin in reply declared that the See also:

• LAWS

laws of the colonies were to be made by their assemblies, to be passed upon by the king, and when once approved were no longer subject to See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal or See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment by the crown . As the assemblies, said he, could not make permanent laws without the king's consent, " neither could he make a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law for them without theirs." This opposition of views distinctly raised the issue between the home government and the colonies . As to the proprietors Franklin succeeded in 176o in securing an understanding that the assembly should pass an act exempting from See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation the unsurveyed See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste lands of the See also:

• PENN, WILLIAM (1621–1670)
• PENN, WILLIAM (1644-1718)

Penn See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, the surveyed waste lands being assessed at the usual See also:

• RATE

rate for other See also:

• PROPERTY

property of that description . Thus the proprietors finally acknowledged the right of the assembly to tax their estates . The success of Franklin's first See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• MISSION

mission was, therefore, substantial and satisfactory . During this sojourn of five years in England he had made many valuable friends outside of See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and See also:

• POLITICAL

political circles, among whom See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume, See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson and See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith were conspicuous .

In 1759, for his See also:

• LITERARY

literary and more particularly his scientific attainments, he received the freedom of the city of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh and the degree of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of laws from the university of St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews . He had been made a Master of Arts at Harvard and at Yale in 1753, and at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of William and See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary in 1756; and in 1762 he received the degree of D.C.L. at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . While in England he had made active use of his remarkable See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent for pamphleteering . In the clamour for See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace following the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George II . (25th of October 176o), he was for a vigorous See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of the war with France; he had written what purported to be a chapter from an old book written by a Spanish Jesuit, On the Meanes of Disposing the Enemie to Peace, which had a great effect; and in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 176o there had been published a more elaborate paper written by Franklin with the assistance of Richard See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson, agent of Massachusetts and See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut in London, entitled The See also:

• INTEREST

Interest of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain Considered with Regard to Her Colonies, and the Acquisitions of See also:

• CANADA

Canada and See also:

• GUADELOUPE

Guadeloupe (1760) . This pamphlet answered the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument that it would be unsafe to keep Canada because of the added strength that would thus be given to any possible See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement for See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English colonies, by urging that so long as Canada remained French there could be no safety for the English colonies in North America, nor any permanent peace in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Tradition reports that this pamphlet had considerable See also:

• WEIGHT

weight in determining the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry to retain Canada . Franklin sailed again for America in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1762, hoping to be able to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle down in quiet and devote the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his See also:

• LIFE

life to experiments in physics . This quiet was interrupted, however, by the " See also:

• PAXTON, SIR JOSEPH (1801-1865)

Paxton See also:

• MASSACRE

Massacre " (Dec . 14, 1763)—the slaughter of a See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of Indians (children, See also:

• WOMEN

women and old men) at See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster, Pennsylvania, by some young rowdies from the See also:

• TOWN

town of Paxton, who then marched upon Philadelphia to kill a few See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Indians there . Franklin, appealed to by the governor, raised a See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop sufficient to frighten away the " Paxton boys," and for the moment there seemed a possibility: of an understanding between Franklin and the proprietors . But. the question of taxing the estates of the proprietors came up in a new See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and a petition from the assembly was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by Franklin, requesting the king " to resume the government " of Pennsylvania .

In the autumn See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of 1764 the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the proprietors was exerted against Franklin, and by an adverse See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of 25 votes in 4000 he failed to be re-elected to the assembly . The new assembly sent Franklin again to England as its See also:

• SPECIAL

special agent to take charge of another petition for a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of government, which, however, came to nothing .. Matters of much greater consequence soon demanded Franklin's attention . Early in 1764 See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• GRENVILLE (or GRANVILLE), SIR RICHARD (r600-1658)
• GRENVILLE (or GREYNVILE), SIR RICHARD (c. 1541-1591)
• GRENVILLE, GEORGE (1712-1770)
• GRENVILLE, SIR BEVIL (1596-1643)
• GRENVILLE, WILLIAM WYNDHAM GRENVILLE, BARON (1759-1834)

Grenville had informed the London agents of the American colonies that he proposed to See also:

• LAY

lay a portion of the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden See also:

• LEFT

left by the war with France upon the shoulders of the colonists by means of a See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, unless some other tax equally productive and less inconvenient were proposed . The natural objection of the colonies, as voiced, for example, by the assembly of Pennsylvania, was that it was a cruel thing to tax colonies already taxed beyond their strength, and surrounded by enemies and exposed to See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant expenditures for defence, and that it was an indignity that they should be taxed by a See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament in which they were not represented; at the same time the Pennsylvania assembly recognized it as " their duty to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant aid to the crown, according to their abilities, whenever required of them in the usual manner." To prevent the introduction of the Stamp Act, which he characterized as " the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief," Franklin used every effort, but the See also:

• BILL

bill was easily passed, and it was thought that the colonists would soon be reconciled to it . Because he, too, thought so, and because he recommended See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HUGHES, DAVID EDWARD (1831-1900)
• HUGHES, HUGH PRICE (1847-19o2)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1677-1720)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1797-1864)
• HUGHES, SIR EDWARD (c. 1720-1794)
• HUGHES, THOMAS
• HUGHES, THOMAS (1822-1896)

Hughes, a merchant of Philadelphia, for the office of distributor of stamps, Franklin himself was denounced —he was even accused of having planned the Stamp Act—and his family in Philadelphia was in danger of being mobbed . Of Franklin's examination, in February 1766, by the House in See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee of the Whole, as to the effects of the Stamp Act, See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke said that the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene reminded him of a master examined by a See also:

• PARCEL (Fr. parcelle, Ital. particella, Lat. particela, diminutive of pars, part)

parcel of schoolboys, and George See also:

• WHITEFIELD,

Whitefield said: " Dr Franklin has gained immortal See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour by his behaviour at the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar of the House . His See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer was always found equal to the questioner . He stood unappalled, gave pleasure to his friends and did honour to his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country." 1 Franklin compared the position of the colonies to that of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland in the days before the union, and in the same year (1766) audaciously urged a similar union with the colonies before it was too See also:

• LATE

late . The knowledge of colonial affairs gained from Franklin's testimony, probably more than all other causes combined, determined the immediate repeal of the Stamp Act . For Franklin this was a great See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, and the See also:

• NEWS

news of it filled the colonists with delight and restored him to their confidence and See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection . Another bill (the Declaratory Act), however, was almost immediately passed by the king's party, asserting See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute supremacy of parliament over the colonies, and in the succeeding parliament, by the See also:

• TOWNSHEND, CHARLES (1725-1767)
• TOWNSHEND, CHARLES TOWNSHEND, 2ND VISCOUNT (1674-1738)
• TOWNSHEND, GEORGE TOWNSHEND, 1ST MARQUESS (1724-1807)

Townshend Acts of 1767, duties were imposed on paper, paints and See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass imported by the colonists; a tax was imposed on See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea also .

The See also:

• IMPOSITION (from Lat. imponere, to place or lay upon)

imposition of these taxes was bitterly resented in the colonies, where it quickly crystallized public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the principle of " No taxation without See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation." In spite of the opposition in the colonies to the Declaratory Act, the Townshend Acts and the tea tax, Franklin continued to assure the British ministry and the British public of the See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty of the colonists . He tried to find some See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ground of reconciliation, and kept up his quiet See also:

• WORK

work of informing England as to the opinions and conditions of the colonies, and of moderating the attitude of the colonies toward the home government; so that, as he said, he was accused in America of being too much an Englishman, and in England of being too much an American . He was agent now, not only of Pennsylvania, but also of New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, of See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia and of Massachusetts . Hillsborough, who became secretary of state for the colonies in 1768, refused to recognize Franklin as agent of Massachusetts, because the governor of Massachusetts had not approved the See also: