Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON FRANKS (1826-1...

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 36 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

See also:

SIR See also:AUGUSTUS See also:WOLLASTON See also:FRANKS (1826-1897)  , See also:English See also:antiquary, was See also:born on the loth of See also:March 1826, and was educated at See also:Eton and at Trinity See also:College, See also:Cambridge . He See also:early showed inclination for antiquarian pursuits, and in 1851 was appointed assistant in the Antiquities See also:Department of the See also:British Museum . Here, and as director of the Society of Antiquaries, an See also:appointment he received in 1858, he made himself the first authority in See also:England upon See also:medieval antiquities of all descriptions, upon See also:porcelain, See also:glass, the manufactures of See also:savage nations, and in See also:general upon all See also:Oriental curiosities and See also:works of See also:art later than the Classical See also:period . 111'1866 the British and medieval antiquities, with the ethnographical collections, were formed into a distinct department under his superintendence; and the See also:Christy collection of ethnography in See also:Victoria See also:Street, See also:London, See also:prior to its amalgamation with the British Museum collections, was also under his care . He became See also:vice-See also:president and ultimately president of the Society of Antiquaries, and in 1878 declined the See also:principal librarianship of the museum . He retired on his seventieth birthday, 1896, and died on the 21st of May 1897 . His ample See also:fortune was largely devoted to the collection of See also:ceramics and, See also:precious See also:objects of medieval art, most bf which became the See also:property of the nation, either by donation in his lifetime or by See also:bequest at his See also:death . Although chiefly a medieval antiquary, See also:Franks was also an authority on classical art, especially See also:Roman remains in See also:Britain: he was also greatly interested in See also:book-marks and playing-See also:cards, of both of which he formed important collections . He edited See also:Kemble's Horae Ferales, and wrote numerous See also:memoirs on archaeological subjects . Perhaps his most important See also:work of this class is the See also:catalogue of his own collection of porcelain . 36 soldiers; See also:Salii seniores and Salii juniores are mentioned in the Notitia dignitatum, and Salii appear among the auxilia palatina . At the end of the 4th See also:century and at the beginning of the 5th, when the Roman legions withdrew from the See also:banks of the See also:Rhine, the Salians installed themselves in the See also:district as an See also:independent See also:people .

The See also:

place-names became entirely Germanic; the Latin See also:language disappeared; and the See also:Christian See also:religion suffered a check, for the Franks were to a See also:man pagans . The Salians were subdivided into a certain number of tribes, each tribe placing at its See also:head a See also:king, distinguished by his See also:long See also:hair and chosen from the most See also:noble See also:family (Historia Francorum, ii . 9) . The most See also:ancient of these See also:kings, reigning over the principal tribe, who is known to us is Chlodio .l According to See also:Gregory of See also:Tours Chlodio dwelt at a place called Dispargum, which it is impossible to identify . Towards 431 he crossed the See also:great Roman road from Bavay to See also:Cologne, which was protected by numerous forts and had long arrested the invasions of the barbarians . He then invaded the territory of See also:Arras, but was severely defeated at Hesdin-le-Vieux by See also:Aetius, the See also:commander of the Roman See also:army in See also:Gaul . Chlodio, however, soon took his revenge . He explored the region of See also:Cambrai, seized that See also:town, and occupied all the See also:country as far as the See also:Somme . At this See also:time See also:Tournai became the See also:capital of the Salian Franks . After Chlodio a certain Meroveus (Merowech) was king of the Salian Franks . We do not know if he was the son of Chlodio; Gregory of Tours simply says that he belonged to Chlodio's stock —" de hujus stirpe quidam Merovechum regem fuisse adserunt," —and then only gives the fact at second See also:hand . Perhaps the remarks of the See also:Byzantine historian See also:Priscus may refer to Meroveus .

A king of the Franks having died, his two sons disputed the See also:

power . The See also:elder journeyed into See also:Pannonia to obtain support from See also:Attila; the younger betook himself to the imperial See also:court at See also:Rome . " I have seen him," writes Priscus; "he was still very See also:young, and we all remarked his See also:fair hair which See also:fell upon his shoulders." Aetius welcomed him warmly and sent him back a friend and foederatus . In any See also:case, eventually, Franks fought (451) in the Roman ranks at the great See also:battle of See also:Mauriac (the Catalaunian See also:Fields), which arrested the progress of Attila into Gaul; and in the Vita Lupi, which, though undoubtedly of later date, is a recension of an earlier document, the name of Meroveus appears among the combatants . Towards 457 Meroveus was succeeded by his son Childeric . At first Childeric was a faithful foederatus of the See also:Romans, fighting for them against the Visigoths and the See also:Saxons See also:south of the See also:Loire; but he soon sought to make himself independent and to extend his conquests . He died in 481 and was succeeded by his son See also:Clovis, who conquered the whole of Gaul with the exception of the See also:kingdom of See also:Burgundy and See also:Provence . Clovis made his authority recognized over the other Salian tribes (whose kings dwelt at Cambrai and other cities), and put an end to the domination of the Ripuarian Franks . These Ripuarians must have comprised a certain number of Frankish tribes, such as the Ampsivarii and the Bructeri . They settled in the 5th century in compact masses on the See also:left See also:bank of the Rhine, but their progress was slow . It was not until the Christian writer See also:Salvian (who was born about 400) had already reached a fairly advanced See also:age that they were able to seize Cologne . The town, however, was recaptured and was not definitely in their See also:possession until 463 .

Phoenix-squares

The Ripuarians subsequently occupied all the country from Cologne to See also:

Trier . See also:Aix-la-Chapelle, See also:Bonn and Zulpich were their principal centres, and they even advanced southward as far as See also:Metz, which appears to have resisted their attacks . The Roman See also:civilization and the Latin language disappeared from the countries which they occupied; indeed it seems that the actual boundaries of the See also:German and See also:French See also:languages nearly coincide with those of their dominion . In their southward progress the Ripuarians 1 The chronicler Fredegarius and the author of the See also:Liber historiae Francorum make Sunno and Marcomeres his predecessors, but in reality they were chiefs of other Frankish tribes . The author of the Liber also claims that Chlodio was the son of Pharamund, but this personage is quite legendary . In the Chronicon of Fredegarius it is already affirmed that the Franks are descended from the Trojans.encountered the See also:Alamanni, who, already masters of See also:Alsace, were endeavouring to extend their conquests in all directions . There were numerous battles between the Ripuarians and the Alamanni; and the memory of one fought at Zulpich has come down to us . In this battle See also:Sigebert, the king of the Ripuarians, was wounded in the See also:knee and limped during the See also:remainder of his See also:life—hence his surname Claudus (the Lame) . The Ripuarians long remained See also:allies of Clovis, Sigebert's son Chloderic fighting under the king of the Salian Franks at Vouille in 507 . Clovis, however, persuaded Chloderic to assassinate his See also:father, and then posed as Sigebert's avenger, with the result that Chloderic was himself assassinated and the Ripuarians raised Clovis on the See also:shield and See also:chose him as king . Thus the Salian Franks See also:united under their See also:rule all the Franks on the left bank of the Rhine . During the reigns of Clovis's sons they again turned their eyes on See also:Germany, and imposed their See also:suzerainty upon the Franks on the right bank .

This country, See also:

north of the See also:Main and the first See also:residence of the Franks, then received the name of See also:Francia Orientalis, and became the origin of one of the duchies into which Germany was divided in the loth century—the duchy of See also:Franconia (Franken) . The Franks were redoubtable warriors, and were generally of great stature . Their fair or red hair was brought forward from the See also:crown of the head towards the forehead, leaving the nape of the See also:neck uncovered; they shaved the See also:face except the upper See also:lip . They wore fairly See also:close breeches reaching to the knee and a See also:tunic fastened by brooches . See also:Round the See also:waist over the tunic was worn a leathern See also:girdle having a broad See also:iron See also:buckle damascened with See also:silver . From the girdle hung the single-edged missile See also:axe or francisca, the scramasax or See also:short See also:knife, a See also:poniard and such articles of See also:toilet as See also:scissors, a See also:comb (of See also:wood or See also:bone), &c . The Franks also used a weapon called the framea (an iron See also:lance set firmly in a wooden See also:shaft), and bows and arrows . They protected themselves in battle with a large wooden or wicker shield, the centre of which was ornamented with an iron See also:boss (umbo) . Frankish arms and See also:armour have been found in the cemeteries which abound throughout See also:northern See also:France, the warriors being buried fully armed . See J . See also:Grimm, Deutsche Rechtsalterthiimer (See also:Gottingen, 1828) ; K . Mullenhoff, Deutsche Altertumskunde (See also:Berlin, 1883—1900) ; E. von Wietersheim, Geschichte der Volkerwanderung, 2nd ed., ed. by F .

See also:

Dahn (See also:Leipzig, 188o—1881); G . See also:Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, vol. i . (4th ed. revised by Zeumer) ; R . See also:Schroder, " See also:Die Ausbreitung der salischen Franken," in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vol. xix . ; K . Lamprecht, Frdnkische Wanderungen and Ansiedelungen (Aix-la-Chapelle, 1882) ; W . See also:Schultz, Deutsche Geschichte von der Urzeit bis zu den Karolingern, vol. ii . (See also:Stuttgart, 1896) ; Fustel de Coulanges, Histoire See also:des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France—l'invasion germanique (See also:Paris, 1891) . Also the articles SALIC See also:LAW and GERMANIC See also:LAWS, EARLY . (C .

End of Article: SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON FRANKS (1826-1897)
[back]
FRANKS
[next]
FRANS HALS

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click and select "copy." Paste it into a website, email, or other HTML document.