See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH VON See also:

• JOSEPH VON FRAUNHOFER (1787-1826)

FRAUNHOFER (1787-1826)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German optician and physicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• STRAUBING

Straubing in See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria on the 6th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1787, the son of a glazier who died in 1798 . He was apprenticed in 1799 to Weichselberger, a See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass-polisher and looking-glass maker . On the 21st of See also:

• JULY

July 18o1 he nearly lost his See also:

• LIFE

life by the fall of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in which he lodged, and the elector of Bavaria, See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, who was See also:

• PRESENT

present at his extrication from the ruins, gave him 18 ducats . With a portion of this sum he obtained See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release from the last six months of his See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship, and with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest he See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased a glass-polishing See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine . He now employed himself in making See also:

• OPTICAL

optical glasses, and in See also:

• ENGRAVING

engraving on See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, devoting his spare See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to the perusal of See also:

• WORKS

works on See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and See also:

• OPTICS

optics . In 18o6 he obtained the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of optician in the mathematical See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute which in 1804 had been founded at See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich by Joseph von Utzschneider, G . See also:

• REICHENBACH
• REICHENBACH, GEORG VON (1772–1826)

Reichenbach and J . Liebherr; and in 1807 arrangements were made by Utzschneider for his instruction by See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Guinand, a skilled optician, in the fabrication of See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint and See also:

• CROWN

crown glass, in. which he soon became an See also:

• ADEPT (if used as a substantive pronounced adept, if as an adjective adept; from Lat. adeptus, one who has Attained)

adept (see R . See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf, Gesch. der Wissensch. in Deutschl. bd. xvi. p . 586) . With Reichenbach and Utzschneider, See also:

• FRAUNHOFER, JOSEPH VON (1787-1826)

Fraunhofer established in 1809 an optical institute at Benedictbeuern, near Munich, of which he in 1818 became See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole manager . The institute was in 1819 removed to Munich, and on Fraunhofer's See also:

• DEATH

death came under the direction of G .

Merz . Amongst the earliest See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical contrivances of Fraunhofer was a machine for polishing mathematically See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform spherical surfaces . He was the inventor of the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage-See also:

• MICROMETER (from Gr. wcp6c, small, jArpov, a measure)

micrometer, and of a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• HELIOMETER (from Gr. iXtos, sun, and p.Erpov, a measure)

heliometer; and in 1816 he succeeded in constructing for the See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope achromatic glasses of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• FOCUS (Latin for " hearth " or " fireplace ")

focus, consisting of a single See also:

• LENS
• LENS (from Lat. lens, lentil, on account of the similarity of the form of a lens to that of a lentil seed)

lens, the constituent glasses of which were in juxtaposition, but not cemented together . The See also:

• GREAT

great reflecting See also:

• TELESCOPE

telescope at Dorpat was manufactured by him, and so great was the skill he attained in the making of lenses for achromatic telescopes that, in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• BREWSTER, SIR DAVID (1781–1868)
• BREWSTER, WILLIAM (c. 1566–1644)

Brewster, he expressed his willingness to furnish an achromatic glass of 18 in. See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . Fraunhofer is especially known for the researches, published in the Denkschriften der Miinchener Akademie for 1814-1815, by which he laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar and stellar See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry . The dark lines of the spectrum of sunlight, earliest noted by Dr W . H . See also:

• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659--1724)
• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828)

Wollaston (Phil . Trans., 1802, p . 378), were independently discovered, and, by means of the telescope of a See also:

• THEODOLITE

theodolite, between which and a distant slit admitting the See also:

• LIGHT

light a See also:

• PRISM (Gr. rrpivµa, properly a thing sawn, Irpii"ety, to saw)

prism was interposed, were for the first time carefully observed by Fraunhofer, and have on that See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account been designated " Fraunhofer's lines." He constructed a See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of as many as 576 of these lines, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal of which he denoted by the letters of the See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet from A to G; and by ascertaining their refractive indices he determined that their relative positions are See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant, whether in spectra produced by the See also:

• DIRECT

direct rays of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, or by the reflected light of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon and See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets . The spectra of the stars he obtained by using, outside the See also:

• OBJECT

object-glass of his telescope, a large prism, through which the light passed to be brought to a focus in front of the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-piece . He showed that in the spectra of the fixed stars many of the dark lines were different from those of the solar spectrum, whilst other well-known solar lines were wanting; and he concluded that it was not by any See also:

• ACTION

action of the terrestrial See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere upon the light passing through it that the lines were produced .

He further expressed the belief that the dark lines D of the solar spectrum coincide with the See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright lines of the See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame . He was also the inventor of the diffraction grating . In 1823 he was appointed See also:

• CONSERVATOR (Lat. conservare, to preserve)

conservator of the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• CABINET

cabinet at Munich, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year he received from the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Bavaria the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of merit . He died at Munich on the 7th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1826, and was buried near Reichenbach, whose decease had taken place eight years previously . On his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb is the inscription " Approximavit sidera." See J. von Utzschneider, Kurzer Umriss der Lebensgeschichte See also:

• DES

des See also:

• HEARN, LAFCADIO (1850-1904)

Hearn Dr J. von Fraunhofer (Munich, 1826) ; and G .