See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE EDOUARD See also:

• FRERE, JOHN HOOKHAM (1769-1846)
• PIERRE EDOUARD FRERE (1819-1886)
• FRERE, SIR HENRY BARTLE EDWARD (1815-1884)

FRERE (1819-1886)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French painter, studied under See also:

• DELAROCHE, HIPPOLYTE

Delaroche, entered the Ecole See also:

• DES

des See also:

• BEAUX, CECILIA (1863– )

Beaux-Arts in 1836 and exhibited first at the See also:

• SALON

Salon in 1843 . The marked sentimental tendency of his See also:

• ART

art makes us wonder at See also:

• RUSKIN, JOHN (1819-1goo)

Ruskin's enthusiastic eulogy which finds in See also:

• FRERE, JOHN HOOKHAM (1769-1846)
• FRERE, PIERRE EDOUARD (1819-1886)
• FRERE, SIR HENRY BARTLE EDWARD (1815-1884)

Frere's See also:

• WORK

work " the See also:

• DEPTH

depth of See also:

• WORDSWORTH, CHARLES (1806–1892)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774–1846)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807–1885)
• WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855)
• WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-185o)

Wordsworth, the See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of See also:

• REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON (182o-1863)
• REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792)
• REYNOLDS, WALTER (d. 1327)

Reynolds, and the holiness of See also:

• ANGELICO, FRA (1387–1455)

Angelico." What we can admire in his work is his accomplished craftsman-See also:

• SHIP

ship and the intimacy and See also:

• TENDER

tender homeliness of his conception . Among his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• WORKS

works are the two paintings, " Going to School " and " Coming from School," " The Little See also:

• GLUTTON, or WOLVERINE (Gulo luscus)

Glutton " (his first exhibited picture) and " L'Exercice " (Mr See also:

• ASTOR, JOHN JACOB (1763-1848)

Astor's collection) . A See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt in 186o resulted in a small See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of Orientalist subjects, but the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of Frere's paintings See also:

• DEAL

deal with the See also:

• LIFE

life of the See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen, the workshop, the dwellings of the humble, and mainly with the pleasures and little troubles of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, which the artist brings before us with See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour and sympathy . He was one of the most popular painters of domestic genre in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . FRERE-ORBAN, See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

HUBERT See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• WALTHER, BERNHARD (1430-15o4)

WALTHER (1812-1896), Belgian statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

Liege on the 24th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1812 . His See also:

• FAMILY

family name was Frere, to which on his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage he added his wife's name of Orban . After studying See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, he practised as a See also:

• BARRISTER

barrister at Liege, took a prominent See also:

• PART

part in the Liberal See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, and in See also:

• JUNE

June 1847 was returned to the Chamber as member for Liege . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August of the same See also:

• YEAR

year he was appointed See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of public works in the See also:

• ROGIER, CHARLES LATOUR (1800–1885)

Rogier See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, and from 1848 to 1852 was minister of See also:

• FINANCE

finance . He founded the Banque Nationale and the Caisse d'Epargne, abolished the newspaper tax, reduced the See also:

• POSTAGE

postage, and modified the customs duties as a preliminary to a decided See also:

• FREE

free-See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade policy . The Liberalism of the cabinet, in which Frere-Orban exercised an See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence hardly inferior to that of Rogier, was, however, distasteful to See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon III . Frere-Orban, to facilitate the negotiations for a new commercial treaty, conceded to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France a law of See also:

• COPYRIGHT

copyright, which proved highly unpopular in See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, and he resigned See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, soon followed by the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the cabinet .

His work La Mainmorte et la charite (1854-1857), published under the See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym of " See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• VAN

van See also:

• DAMME

Damme," contributed greatly to restore his party to See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in 1857, when he again became minister of finance . He now embodied his free-trade principles in commercial See also:

• TREATIES

treaties with See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and France, and abolished the See also:

• OCTROI (0. Fr. octroyer, to grant, authorize; Lat. auctor)

octroi duties and the tolls on the See also:

• NATIONAL

national roads . He resigned in 1861 on the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold question, but soon resumed office, and in 1868 succeeded Rogier as See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime minister . In 1869 he defeated the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt of France to gain See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the See also:

• LUXEMBURG
• LUXEMBURG, FRANCOIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCYBOUTEVILLE, DUKE

Luxemburg See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, but, despite this service to his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from power at the elections of 187o . He returned to office in 1878 as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign minister . He provoked the See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter opposition of the Clerical party by his law of 1879 establishing See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and in 188o went so far as to break off See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic relations with the Vatican . He next found himself at variance with the Radicals, whose See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, Janson, moved the introduction of universal See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage . Frere-Orban, while rejecting the proposal, conceded an See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise (1883); but the hostility of the Radicals, and the discontent caused by a See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial crisis, overthrew the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government at the elections of 1884 . Frere-Orban continued to take an active part in politics as leader of the Liberal opposition till 1894, when he failed to secure re-See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . He died at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels on the 2nd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1896 . Besides the work above mentioned, he published La Question monelaire (1874); La Question monetaire en Belgique in 1889; Echange de vues entre MM . Frere-Orban et E. de See also:

• LAVELEYE, SMILE LOUIS VICTOR DE (1822—1892)

Laveleye (189o); and La Revision constitutionnelle en Belgique et ses consequences (1894) .

He was also the author of numerous See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets, among which may be mentioned his last work, La Situation presente (1895) .