See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• CHARLES FRIEDEL (1832-1899)

FRIEDEL (1832-1899)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French chemist and mineralogist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg on the 12th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1832 . After graduating at Strassburg University he spent a See also:

• YEAR

year in the counting-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of his See also:

• FATHER

father, a banker and See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant, and then in 1851 went to live in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris with his maternal grandfather, Georges See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Duvernoy (1777-1855), See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of natural See also:

• HISTORY

history and, from 1850, of See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy, at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College de See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . In 18J4 he entered C . A . See also:

• WURTZ, CHARLES ADOLPHE (1817–1884)

Wurtz's laboratory, and in 1856, at the instance of H . H. de See also:

• SENARMONT, ALEXANDRE ANTOINE HUREAU DE (r769-181o)
• SENARMONT, HENRI HUREAU DE (1808-1862)

Senarmont (1808-1862), was appointed See also:

• CONSERVATOR (Lat. conservare, to preserve)

conservator of the mineralogical collections at the Ecole See also:

• DES

des Mines . In 1871 he began to lecture in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of A . L . O . L . Des Cloizeaux (1817–1897) at the 1 tole Normale, and in 1876 he became professor of See also:

• MINERALOGY

mineralogy at the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne, but on the See also:

• DEATH

death of Wurtz in 1884 he exchanged that position for the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of organic See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry . He died at See also:

• MONTAUBAN
• MONTAUBAN, ARTHUR DE (d. 1479)

Montauban on the loth of See also:

• APRIL

April 1899 .

See also:

• FRIEDEL, CHARLES (1832-1899)

Friedel achieved distinction both in miner-alogy and organic chemistry . In the former he was one of the leading workers, in collaboration from 1879 to 1887 with Emile Edmond See also:

• SARASIN, or SARRAZIN, JEAN FRANCOIS (1611?-1654)

Sarasin (1843–1890), at the formation of minerals by artificial means, particularly in the wet way with the aid of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and pressure, and he succeeded in reproducing a large number of the natural compounds . In 1893, as the result of an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to make See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond by the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur on highly carburetted See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron at 4500-5000 C. he obtained a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder too small in quantity to be analysed but hard enough to scratch See also:

• CORUNDUM

corundum . He also devoted much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the pyroelectric phenomena of crystals, which served as the theme of one of the two See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs he presented far the degree of D.Sc. in 1869, and to the determination of crystallographic constants . In organic chemistry, his study of the See also:

• KETONES

ketones and See also:

• ALDEHYDES

aldehydes, begun in 1857, provided him with the subject of his other doctoral thesis . In 1862 he prepared secondary propyl See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol, and in 1863, with See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason Crafts (b . 1839), for many years a professor at the See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of Technology, See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, he obtained various organometallic compounds of See also:

• SILICON [symbol Si, atomic weight 28.3 (0= 16)]

silicon . A few years later further See also:

• WORK

work, with See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Ladenburg, on the same See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element yielded silicochloroform and led to a demonstration of the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy existing between the behaviour in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of silicon and See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon . In 1871, with R . D. da See also:

• SILVA, ANTONIO JOSE DA (1705–1739)

Silva (b . 1837) he synthesized See also:

• GLYCERIN, GLYCERINE

glycerin, starting from propylene . In 1877, with Crafts, he made the first publication of the fruitful and widely used method for synthesizing See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

benzene homologues now generally known as the " Friedel and Crafts reaction." It was based on an accidental observation of the action of metallic See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium on amyl chloride, and consists in bringing together a See also:

• HYDROCARBON

hydrocarbon and an organic chloride in presence of aluminium chloride, when the residues of the two compounds unite to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a more complex See also:

• BODY

body .

Friedel was associated with Wurtz in editing the latter's Dictionnaire de chimie, and undertook the supervision of the supplements issued after 1884 . He was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief founder of the Revue generale de chimie in 1899 . His publications include a See also:

• NOTICE

Notice sur la See also:

• VIE

vie et See also:

• LES

les travaux de Wurtz (1885), Cours de chimie organique (1887) and Cours de mineralogie (1893) . He acted as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

International See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress held at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva in 1892 for revising the nomenclature of the fatty See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . See a memorial lecture by J . M . Crafts, printed in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the See also:

• LONDON

London Chemical Society for 1900 .