See also:

• FRISIANS (Lat. Frisii; in Med. Lat. Frisones, Frisiones, Fresones; in their own tongue Frsasa, FrPsen)

FRISIANS (See also:

• LAT

Lat. Frisii; in Med. Lat. Frisones, Frisiones, Fresones; in their own See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue Frsasa, FrPsen)  , a See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic (See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low-See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German) stock, who in the first See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of our era were found by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans in occupation of the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast lands stretching from the mouth of the See also:

• SCHELDT (Fr. Escaut, Flem. Schelde)

Scheldt to that of the See also:

• EMS

Ems . They were nearly related both by speech and See also:

• BLOOD

blood to the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons and Angles, and other Low German tribes, who lived to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the Ems and in See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein and See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig . The first See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical notices of the See also:

• FRISIANS (Lat. Frisii; in Med. Lat. Frisones, Frisiones, Fresones; in their own tongue Frsasa, FrPsen)

Frisians are found in the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus . They were rendered (or a portion of them) tributary by See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus, and became socii of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman people . In A.D . 28 the exactions of a Roman See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official drove them to revolt, and their subjection was henceforth nominal . They submitted again to Cn . Domitius See also:

• CORBULO, GNAEUS DOMITIUS (1st century A.D.)

Corbulo in the See also:

• YEAR

year 47, but shortly afterwards the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius ordered the withdrawal of all Roman troops to the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine . In 58 they attempted unsuccessfully to appropriate certain districts between the Rhine and the Yssel, and in 70 they took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of Claudius See also:

• CIVILIS, CLAUDIUS

Civilis . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time onwards their name practically disappears . As regards their See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy states that they inhabited the coast above the Bructeri as far as the Ems, while Tacitus speaks of them as adjacent to the Rhine . But there is some See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for believing that the part of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland which lies to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the Zuider Zee was at first inhabited by a different people, the Canninefates, a See also:

• SISTER

sister tribe to the Batavi .

A trace of this people is perhaps preserved in the name Kennemerland or Kinnehem, formerly applied to the same See also:

• DISTRICT

district . Possibly, therefore, Tacitus's statement holds See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good only for the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period subsequent to the revolt of Civilis, when we hear of the Canninefates for the last time . In connexion with the movements of the See also:

• MIGRATION

migration period the Frisians are hardly ever mentioned, though some of them are said to have surrendered to the Roman See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• CONSTANTIUS, FLAVIUS VALERIUS

Constantius about the year 293 . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand we hear very frequently of Saxons in the coast regions of the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands . Since the Saxons (Old Saxons) of later times were an inland people, one can hardly help suspecting either that the two nations have been confused or, what is more probable, that a considerable mixture of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, whether by See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest or otherwise, had taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius (Goth. iv . 20) speaks of the Frisians as one of the nations which inhabited See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain in his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, but we have no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence from other See also:

• SOURCES

sources to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear out his statement . In Anglo-Saxon See also:

• POETRY

poetry mention is frequently made of a Frisian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king named Finn, the son of Folcwalda, who came into conflict with a certain Hnaef, a See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal of the Danish king Healfdene, about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 5th century . Hnaef was killed, but his followers subsequently slew Finn in revenge . The incident is obscure in many respects, but it is perhaps See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth noting that Hnaef's See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief follower, See also:

• HENGEST

Hengest, may quite possibly be identical with the founder of the Kentish See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty . About the year 520 the Frisians are said to have joined the Frankish prince Theodberht in destroying a piratical expedition which had sailed up the Rhine under Chocilaicus (Hygelac), king of the Gotar . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the century they begin to figure much more prominently in Frankish writings .

There is no doubt that by this time their territories had been greatly extended in both directions . Probably some Frisians took part with the Angles and Saxons in their See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-roving expeditions, and assisted their neighbours in their invasions and subsequent conquest of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and the Scottish lowlands . The rise of the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks and the advance of their dominion northwards brought on a collision with the Frisians, who in the 7th century were still in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the whole of the sea-coast, and apparently ruled over the greater part of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders . Under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the Frankish king Dagobert (622-638), the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian missionaries Amandus (St Amand) and Eligius (St See also:

• ELOI [ELIGIus], SAINT (588-659)

Eloi) attempted the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of these Flemish Frisians, and their efforts were attended with a certain measure of success; but farther See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north the See also:

• BUILDING

building of a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church by Dagobert at Trajectum (See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht) at once aroused the fierce hostility of the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen tribesmen of the Zuider Zee . The " See also:

• FREE

free "Frisians could not endure this Frankish outpost on their See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders . Utrechtwas attacked and captured, and the church destroyed . The first missionary to meet with any success among the Frisians was the Englishman See also:

• WILFRID (c. 634-709)

Wilfrid of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, who, being driven by a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm upon the coast, was hospitably received by the king, Adgild or Adgisi, and was allowed to preach See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity in the See also:

• LAND

land . Adgild appears to have admitted the overlordship of the Frankish king, Dagobert II . (675) . Under his successor, however, Radbod (Frisian Redbad), an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to extirpate Christianity and to free the Frisians from the Frankish subjection . He was, however, beaten by See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin of Heristal in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Dorstadt (689), and was compelled to cede West Frisia (Frisia citerior) from the Scheldt to the Zuider Zee to the conqueror . On Pippin's See also:

• DEATH

death Radbod again attacked the Franks and advanced as far as See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, where he defeated See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Martel, Pippin's natural son .

Eventually, however, Charles prevailed and compelled the Frisians to submit . Radbod died in 719, but for some years his successors struggled against the Frankish power . A final defeat was, however, inflicted upon them by Charles Martel in 734, which secured the supremacy of the Franks in the north, though it was not until the days of Charles the See also:

• GREAT

Great (785) that the subjection of the Frisians was completed . Meanwhile Christianity had been making its conquests in the land, mainly through the lifelong labours and See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of the Englishman See also:

• WILLIBRORD (or WILBRORD), ST (d. 738)

Willibrord, who came to Frisia in 692 and made Utrecht his headquarters . He was consecrated (695) at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of the Frisians, and on his return founded a number of bishoprics in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Netherlands, and continued his labours unremittingly until his death in 739 . It is an interesting fact that both Wilfrid and Willibrord appear to have found no difficulty from the first in preaching to the Frisians in their native See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, which was so nearly allied to their own Anglo-Saxon See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue . The see of Utrecht founded by Willibrord has remained the chief see of the Northern Netherlands from his day to our own . See also:

• FRIES
• FRIES, ELIAS MAGNUS (1794–1878)
• FRIES, JOHN (c. 1764-1825)

Fries-land was likewise the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of a portion of the missionary labours of a greater than Willibrord, the famous See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface, the Apostle of the Germans, also an Englishman . It was at Dokkum in See also:

• FRIESLAND, or VRIESLAND

Friesland that he met a See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr's death (754) . Charles the Great granted the Frisians important privileges under a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code known as the Lex Frisionum, based upon the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• LAWS

laws of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . They received the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of freemen and were allowed to choose their own podestat or imperial See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor . In the Lex Frisionum three districts are clearly distinguished: West Frisia from the Zwin to the Flie; Middle Frisia from the Flie to the Lauwers; East Frisia from the Lauwers to the See also:

• WESER (O. Ger. Visuracha, Wisura, Lat. Visurgis)

Weser .

At the See also:

• PARTITION

partition treaty of See also:

• VERDUN

Verdun (843) Frisia became part of Lotharingia or See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine; at the treaty of See also:

• MERSEN (MEERSSEN), TREATY OF

Mersen (87o) it was divided between the kingdoms of the East Franks (See also:

• AUSTRASIA

Austrasia) and the West Franks (Westrasia); in 88o the whole country was See also:

• UNITED

united to Austrasia; in 911 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the dominion of Charles the See also:

• SIMPLE

Simple, king of the West Franks, but the districts of East Frisia asserted their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence and for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time governed themselves after a very simple democratic See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of West Frisia gradually loses itself in that of the countship of Holland and the see of Utrecht (see HOLLAND and UTRECHT) . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the Frisians during the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval between the invasion of Britain and the loss of their independence must have been greater than is generally recognized . They were a sea-faring people and engaged largely in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, especially perhaps the slave trade, their chief See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium being Wyk to Duurstede . During the period in question there is considerable archaeological evidence for intercourse between the west coast of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and the regions See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the North Sea, and it is worth noting that this seems to have come to an end See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 9th century . Probably it is no See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident that the first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, or rather reappearance, of Scandinavian pirates in the west took place shortly after the overthrow of the Frisians . Since Radbod's dominions extended from Duerstede to See also:

• HELIGOLAND (Ger. Helgoland)

Heligoland his power must have been by no means inconsiderable . Besides the Frisians discussed above there is a people called North Frisians, who inhabit the west coast of Schleswig . At See also:

• PRESENT

present a Frisian dialect is spoken only between See also:

• TONDERN

Tondern and See also:

• HUSUM

Husum, but formerly it extended farther both to the north and south . In historical times these North Frisians were subjects of the Danish See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom and not connected in any way with the Frisians of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . They are first mentioned by Saxo Grammaticus in connexion with the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile of Knud V . Saxo recognized that they were of Frisian origin, but did not know when they had first settled in this region .

Various opinions are still held with regard to the question; but it seems not unlikely that the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original settlers Nere Frisians who had been expelled by the Franks in the 8th century . Whether the North Frisian See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is entirely of Frisian origin is somewhat doubtful owing to the close relationship which Frisian bears to See also:

• ENGLISH

English . The in-habitants of the neighbouring islands, See also:

• SYLT (probably from the O. Fris. Silendi, i.e. sealand)

Sylt, See also:

• AMRUM, or AMROM

Amrum and See also:

• FOHR

Fohr, who speak a kindred dialect, have apparently never regarded themselves as Frisians, and it is the view of many scholars that they are the See also:

• DIRECT

direct descendants of the ancient Saxons . In 1248 See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of Holland, having become emperor, restored to the Frisians in his countship their ancient liberties in See also:

• REWARD

reward for the assistance they had rendered him in the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Aachen; but in 1254 they revolted, and William lost his See also:

• LIFE

life in the contest which ensued . After many struggles West Friesland became completely subdued, and was henceforth virtually absorbed in the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Holland . But the Frieslanders east of the Zuider Zee obstinately resisted repeated attempts to bring them into subjection . In the course of the 14th century the country was in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of anarchy; See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty lordships sprang into existence, the interests of the See also:

• COMMON

common weal were forgotten or disregarded, and the people began to be split up into factions, and these were continually carrying on petty warfare with one another . Thus the Fetkoopers (Fatmongers) of Oostergoo had endless feuds with the Schieringers (Eelfishers) of Westergoo . This state of affairs favoured the attempts of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Holland to push their conquests eastward, but the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BODY

body of the Frisians was still See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent when the countship of Holland passed into the hands of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the Good of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy . Philip laid claim to the whole country, but the people appealed to the protection of the empire, and See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick III., in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1457, recognized their direct dependence on the empire and called on Philip to bring forward formal See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his rights . Philip's successor, Charles the Bold, summoned an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of notables at See also:

• ENKHUIZEN

Enkhuizen in 1469, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to secure their See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage; but the See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference was without result, and the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke's See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was soon absorbed by other and more important affairs . The See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria with the heiress of Burgundy was to be productive of a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the fortunes of that part of Frisia which lies between the Vlie and the Lauwers .

In 1498 Maximilian reversed the policy of his See also:

• FATHER

father Frederick III., and detached' this territory, known afterwards as the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Friesland, from the empire . He gave it as a See also:

• FIEF

fief to See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, who thoroughly crushed out all resistance . In 1523 it fell with all the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the provinces of the Netherlands under the strong See also:

• RULE

rule of the emperor Charles, the See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of Maximilian and See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary of Burgundy . That part of Frisia which lies to the east of the Lauwers had a divided history . The portion which lies between the Lauwers and the Ems after some struggles for independence had, like the rest of the country, to submit itself to Charles . It became ultimately the province of the See also:

• TOWN

town and district of See also:

• GRONINGEN

Groningen (Stadt en See also:

• LANDEN
• LANDEN, JOHN (1719–1790)

Landen) (see GRONINGEN) . The easternmost part between the Ems and the Weser, which had since 1454 been a county, was ruled by the descendants of Edzard Cirksena, and was attached to the empire . The last of the Cirksenas, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Charles See also:

• EDWARD

Edward, died in 1744 and in See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default of heirs male the king of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia took possession of the county . The province of Friesland was one of the seven provinces which by the treaty known as the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union of Utrecht See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound themselves together to resist the tyranny of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . From 1579 to 1795 Friesland remained one of the constituent parts of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of the United Provinces, but it always jealously insisted on its See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign rights, especially against the encroachments of the predominant province of Holland . It maintained throughout the whole of the republican period a certain distinctiveness ofnationality, which was marked by the preservation of a different dialect and of a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• STADTHOLDER (Du. stadhouder, a delegate or representative)

stadtholder . Count William See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis of See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau-See also:

• SIEGEN

Siegen, See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew and son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of William the Silent, was chosen stadtholder, and through all the vicissitudes of the 17th and 18th centuries the stadtholdership was held by one of his descendants .

Frederick See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange was stadtholder of six provinces, but not of Friesland, and even during the stadtholderless periods which followed the deaths of William II. and William III. of Orange the Frisians remained stanch to the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Nassau-Siegen . Finally, by the revolution of 1748, William of Nassau-Siegen, stadtholder of Friesland (who, by default of heirs male of the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• LINE

line, had become William IV., prince of Orange), was made hereditary stadtholder of all the provinces . His grandson in 1815 took the title of William I., king of the Netherlands . The male line of the " Frisian " Nassaus came to an end with the death of King William III. in 18go . BIBLIOGRAPHY—See Tacitus, See also:

• ANN

Ann. iv . 72 f., xi . 19 f., xiii . 54; Hist. iv . 15 f.; Germ . 34; Ptolemy, Geogr . 11 . I I, § Dio See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius liv .

32; See also:

• EUMENIUS (c. A.D. 260-311)

Eumenius, Paneg. iv . 9; the Anglo-Saxon poems, Finn, See also:

• BEOWULF

Beowulf and Widsith; Fredegarii Chronici continuatio and various German Annals; Gesta regum Francorum; See also:

• EDDIUS (AEDDI)

Eddius, Vita Wilfridi, cap . 25 f.; See also:

• BEDE, BEDA, or B
• BEDE, CUTHBERT

Bede, Hist . See also:

• ECCLES

Eccles. iv . 22, v . 9 f.; See also:

• ALCUIN (Marmara)

Alcuin, Vita Willebrordi; I . Undset, Aarbger for nordisk Oldkyndighed (188o), p . 89 if . (cf . E . Mogk in See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's Grundriss d. germ . Philologie ii. p .

623 ff.) ; Ubbo See also:

• EMMIUS, UBBO (1547–1625)

Emmius, Rerum Frisicarum historia (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 1616) ; Pirius Winsemius, Chronique See also:

• VAN

van Vriesland (Franoker, 1822) ; C . Scotanus, Beschryvinge end Chronyck van See also:

• DES

des Heerlickheydt van Friesland' (1655) ; See also:

• GROOT, GERHARD (1340—1384)

Groot Placaat en See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

Charter-boek van Friesland (ed . See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron C . F. zu See also:

• SCHWARZENBERG
• SCHWARZENBERG, KARL PHILIPP, PRINCE ZU (1771-1820)

Schwarzenberg) (5 vols., See also:

• LEEUWARDEN

Leeuwarden, 1768–1793) ; T . D . Wiarda, Ost-frieschische &esch . (vols. i.-ix., See also:

• AURICH

Aurich, 1791) (vol . X., See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen, 1817) ; J . Dirks, Geschiedkundig onderzoek van den Koophandel der Friezen (Utrecht, 1846) ; 0 . See also:

• KLOPP, ONNO (1822–1903)

Klopp, Gesch . Ostfrieslands (3 vols., See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, 1854–1858); See also:

• HOOFT, PIETER CORNELISSEN (1581-1647)

Hooft van Iddekinge, Friesland en de Friezen in de Middeleeuwen (Leiden, 1881); A . Telting, Het Oudfriesche Stadrecht (The See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague, 1882); P .

J . Blok, Friesland See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Mittelalter (See also:

• LEER

Leer, 1891) .