FRISIAN ISLANDS  , a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of islands, lying from 3 to 20 M. from the mainland, and stretching from the Zuider Zee E. and N. as far as See also:

• JUTLAND (Danish Jylland)

Jutland, along the coasts of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . They are divided into three See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups: (1) The See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Frisian, (2) the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Frisian, and (3) the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Frisian . The chain of the Frisian Islands marks the See also:

• OUTER

outer fringe of the former See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line, and is separated from the mainland by shallows, known as Wadden or Watten, answering to the maria vadosa of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . Notwithstanding the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection afforded by See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-See also:

• DUNES

dunes and earthen embankments backed by stones and See also:

• TIMBER

timber, the Frisian Islands are slowly but surely crumbling away under the persistent attacks of See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm and See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood, and the old Frisian See also:

• PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)

proverb " de nick will diken mut wiken" (" who will not build dikes must go away ") still holds See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good . Many of the Frisian legends and folk-songs See also:

• DEAL

deal with the submerged villages and hamlets, which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie buried beneath the treacherous See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Wadden . Heinrich See also:

• HEINE, HEINRICH, (1797-1856)

Heine made use of these legends in his Nordseebilder, composed during a .visit to See also:

• NORDERNEY (i.e. " northern island ")

Norderney in 1825 . The Prussian and Dutch governments annually expend large sums for the protection of the islands, and in some cases the erosion on the seaward See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side is counterbalanced by the See also:

• ACCRETION (from Lat. ad, to, and crescere, to grow)

accretion of See also:

• LAND

land on the inner side, See also:

• FINE

fine sandy beaches being formed well suited for See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-bathing, which attracts many visitors in summer . The inhabitants of these islands support themselves by seafaring, pilotage, grazing of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, fishing and a little See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, chiefly See also:

• POTATO
• POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

potato-growing . The islands, though well lighted, are dangerous to See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, and a glance at a See also:

• WRECK

wreck See also:

• CHART (from Lat. carta, charta, a map)

chart will show the entire chain to be densely dotted . One of the most remarkable disasters was the loss of H.M.S . " La Lutine," 32 guns, which was wrecked off Vlieland in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1799, only one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand being saved, who died before reaching See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . " La Lutine," which had been captured from the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French by See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• DUNCAN
• DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1731-1804)
• DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN (1824-1891)
• DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807—1845)

Duncan, was carrying a large quantity of See also:

• BULLION

bullion and specie, which was underwritten at See also:

• LLOYD, EDWARD (1845— )
• LLOYD, WILLIAM (1627–1717)
• LLOYD, WILLIAM WATKISS (1813–1893)

Lloyd's .

The Dutch See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government claimed the wreck and granted one-third of the See also:

• SALVAGE (from Lat. salvus, safe)

salvage to bullion-fishers . Occasional recoveries were made of small quantities which led to repeated disputes and discussions, until eventually the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the Nether-lands ceded to See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, for Lloyd's, See also:

• HALF

half the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the wreck . A Dutch salvage See also:

• COMPANY

company, which began operations in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1857, recovered £99,893 in the course of two years, but it was estimated that some £1,175,000 are still unaccounted for . The See also:

• SHIP

ship's See also:

• RUDDER (O.E. Rather, i.e. rower)

rudder, which was recovered in 1859, has been fashioned into a See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair and a table, now in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Lloyd's . The West Frisian Islands belong to the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of the Nether-lands, and embrace Texel or Tessel (71 sq. m.), Vlieland (19 sq . m.), Terschelling (41 sq. m.), Ameland (23 sq. m.), west Schiermonnikoog (19 sq. m.), as well as the much smaller Frisian . islands of Boschplaat and Rottum, which are practically uninhabited . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern end of Texel is called Eierland, or " See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of eggs," in reference to the large number of sea-birds' eggs which are found there . It was joined to Texel by a sand-See also:

• DIKE, or DYKE (Old Eng. dic, a word which appears in various forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch dijk, German Teich, Danish dige, and in French, derived from Teutonic, digue; it is the same word as " ditch " and is ultimately connected with the ro

dike in 1629-163o, and is now undistinguishable from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main island . Texel was already separated from the mainland in the 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but remained a Frisian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province and countship, which once extended as far as See also:

• ALKMAAR

Alkmaar in North Holland, until it came into the possession of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Holland . The island was occupiedby See also:

• BRITISH

British troops from August to See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1799 . The See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Oude Schild has a See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour .

The island of Terschelling once formed a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate lordship, but was sold to the states of Holland . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal village of West-Terschelling has a harbour . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the beginning of the 9th century Ameland was a lordship of the influential See also:

• FAMILY

family of Cammingha who held immediately of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, and in recognition of their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence the Amelanders were in 1369 declared to be neutral in the fighting between Holland and See also:

• FRIESLAND, or VRIESLAND

Friesland, while See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell made the same See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration in 1654 with respect to the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between England and the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands . The See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of the Camminghas in the village of Ballum remained See also:

• STANDING

standing till 181o, and finally disappeared in 1829 after four centuries . This island is joined to the mainland of Friesland by a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone dike constructed in 1873 for the purpose of promoting the See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of mud . The island of Schiermonnikoog has a village and a lighthouse . Rottum was once the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey at Rottum, 8 m . N. of See also:

• GRONINGEN

Groningen, of which there are slight remains . With the exception of Wangeroog, which belongs to the See also:

• GRAND

grand duchy of See also:

• OLDENBURG

Oldenburg, the East Frisian Islands belong to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia . They comprise See also:

• BORKUM

Borkum (122 sq. m.), with two See also:

• LIGHT

light-houses and connected by steamer with See also:

• EMDEN

Emden and BastFrisian . See also:

• LEER

Leer; Memmert; Juist (24 sq. m.), with two lifeboat stations, and connected by steamer with Norddeich and Greetsiel; Norderney (52 sq. m.); Baltrum, with a lifeboat station; Langeoog (8 sq. m.), connected by steamer with the adjacent islands, and with Bensersiel on the mainland; Spiekeroog (4 sq. m.), with a See also:

• TRAMWAY

tramway for See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance to the bathing See also:

• BEACH

beach, and connected by steamer with Carolinenziel; and Wangeroog (2 sq. rn.), with a lighthouse and lifeboat station . All these islands are visited for sea-bathing .

In the beginning of the 18th century Wangeroog comprised eight times its See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• AREA

area . Borkuin and Juist are two surviving fragments of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original island of Borkum (computed at 38o sq. m.), known to See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus as Fabaria, and to See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny as Burchana, which was See also:

• RENT

rent asunder by the sea in 1170 . Neuwerk and Scharhorn, situated off the mouth of the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe, are islands belonging to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg . Neuwerk, containing some marshland protected by dikes, has two lighthouses and a lifeboat station . At See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• WATER

water it can be reached from Duhnen by See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage . About the See also:

• YEAR

year 1250 the area of the North Frisian Islands was estimated at ro65 sq. m.; by 185o this had diminished to only io5 sq. m . This See also:

• GROUP

group embraces the islands of See also:

• NORD

Nord- strand (174 1 sq• m.), which up to 1634 formed one North Frisian . larger island with the adjoining Pohnshallig and Nordstrandisch-See also:

• MOOR

Moor; Peliworm (164 sq. m.), protected by a circle of dikes and connected by steamer with See also:

• HUSUM

Husum on the mainland; See also:

• AMRUM, or AMROM

Amrum (rot sq. m.); F6hr (32 sq. m.); See also:

• SYLT (probably from the O. Fris. Silendi, i.e. sealand)

Sylt (38 sq. m.); Rom (16 sq. m.), with several villages, the principal of which is Kirkeby; See also:

• FANO (anc. Fanum Fortunae, q.v.)

Fano (21 sq. m.); and See also:

• HELIGOLAND (Ger. Helgoland)

Heligoland (4 sq. m.) . With the exception of Fano, which is Danish, all these islands belong to Prussia . In the North Frisian group there are also several smaller islands called Halligen . These rise generally only a few feet above the level of the sea, and are crowned by a single See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house standing on an artificial See also:

• MOUND

mound and protected by a surrounding dike or See also:

• EMBANKMENT

embankment .