See also:

• FRIULI (in the local dialect, Furlanei)

FRIULI (in the See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, Furlanei)  , a See also:

• DISTRICT

district at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Adriatic See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, at See also:

• PRESENT

present divided between See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian portion being included in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• UDINE

Udine and the district of Portogruaro, and the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian comprising the province of See also:

• GORZ (Ital. Gorizia ; Slovene, Gorica)

Gorz and Gradiska, and the so-called Idrian district . In the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• FRIULI (in the local dialect, Furlanei)

Friuli includes portions of the See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian and Carnic See also:

• ALPS

Alps, while the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south is an alluvial See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain richly watered by the Isonzo, the Tagliamento, and many lesser streams which, although of small See also:

• VOLUME

volume during the dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, come down in enormous floods after See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain or thaw . The inhabitants, known as Furlanians, are mainly Italians, but they speak a See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect of their own which contains See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic elements . The See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is about 3300 sq. m.; it contains about 700,000 in-habitants . Friuli derives its name from the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum Julii, or Forojulium, the See also:

• MODERN

modern Cividale, which is said by See also:

• PAULUS
• PAULUS (older form PAur.Lus), LUCIUS AEMILIUS
• PAULUS, HEINRICH

Paulus Diaconus to have been founded by See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar . In the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. the district was subjugated by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, and became See also:

• PART

part of Gallia Transpadana . During the Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, besides Forum Julii, its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal towns were See also:

• CONCORDIA
• CONCORDIA (mod. Concordia Sagittaria)

Concordia, See also:

• AQUILEIA

Aquileia and Vedinium . On the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the country by the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards during the 6th century it was made one of their See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-six duchies, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital being Forum Julii or, as they called it, Civitas Austriae . It is needless to repeat the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of the Lombard See also:

• LINE

line, from Gisulf (d . 611) to Hrothgaud, who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell a victim to his opposition to See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne about 776; their names and exploits may be read in the Historia Langobardorum of Paulus Diaconus, and they were mainly occupied in struggles with the See also:

• AVARS

Avars and other See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian peoples, and in resisting the pretensions of the Lombard See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, however, of Gisulf's See also:

• GRAVE

grave at Cividale, in 1874, is an interesting See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the historian's authenticity . Charlemagne filled Hrothgaud's See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place with one of his own followers, and the frontier position of Friuli gave the new line of See also:

• COUNTS

counts, dukes or margraves (for they are variously designated) the opportunity of acquiring importance by exploits against the Bulgarians, Slovenians and other hostile peoples to the east .

After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Charlemagne Friuli shared in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in the fortunes of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Italy . In the 11th century the ducal rights over the greater part of Friuli were bestowed by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. on the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of Aquileia; but towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 14th century the nobles called in the assistance of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, which, after defeating the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop, afforded a new See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration pf See also:

• AESOP (Gr. Aivwvros)

Aesop's well-known See also:

• FABLE (Fr. fable, Lat. fabula)

fable, by securing See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the country for itself . The eastern part of Friuli was held by the counts of Gorz till 1500, when on the failure of their line it was appropriated by the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian L, and remained in the possession of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Austria until the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

wars . By the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Campo Formio in 1797 the Venetian district also came to Austria, and on the formation of the Napoleonic See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Italy in 18o5 the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Passariano was made to include the whole of Venetian and part of Austrian Friuli, and in 1809 the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest was added to the Illyrian provinces . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Friuli was See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• DUROC, GERAUD CHRISTOPHE MICHEL

Duroc . In 1815 the whole country was recovered by the emperor of Austria, who himself assumed the ducal title and coat of arms; and it was not till 1866 that the Venetian portion was again ceded to Italy by the peace of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague . The capital of the country is Udine, and its arms are a crowned See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle on a See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field See also:

• AZURE (derived, through the Romance languages, from the Arabic al-lazward, for the precious stone lapis lazuli, the initial 1 having dropped)

azure . See Manzano, Annuli del Friuli (Udine, 1858–1879) ; and Campendio di See also:

• SCORIA (Lat. scoria, slag)

scoria friulana (Udine, 1876) ; Antonini, II Friuli orientale (See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, 1865); von Zahn, Friaulische Studien (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1878); Pirona, Vocabolario friulino (Venice, 1869) ; and L . Fracassetti, La Statistic¢ etnografica del Friuli (Udine, 1903) . (T .