See also:

• FULA (FULBE, FELLATAH or PEULS)

FULA (FULBE, FELLATAH or PEULS)  , a numerous and powerful See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• PEOPLE

people, spread over an immense region from See also:

• SENEGAL

Senegal nearly to See also:

• DARFUR

Darfur . Strictly they have no See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of their own, and nowhere See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the whole of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, though nearly always the dominant native See also:

• RACE

race . They are most numerous in Upper Senegal and in the countries under See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French sway immediately See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• SENEGAMBIA

Senegambia, notably Futa Jallon . Farther See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east they See also:

• RULE

rule, subject to the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the French, Segu and See also:

• MASSENA, ANDRE, or ANDREA

Massena, countries on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the upper See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger, to the south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of See also:

• TIMBUKTU (French spelling Tombouctou)

Timbuktu . The districts within the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• BEND

bend of the Niger have a large See also:

• FULA (FULBE, FELLATAH or PEULS)

Fula population . East of that See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• SOKOTO

Sokoto and its tributary emirates are ruled by Fula princes, subject to the control of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Nigerian See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . Fula are settledin See also:

• BORNU

Bornu, See also:

• BAGIRMI

Bagirmi, See also:

• WADAI

Wadai and the upper See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile Valley,' but have no See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in those countries . Their most southerly emirate is See also:

• ADAMAWA

Adamawa, the country on both sides of the upper See also:

• BENUE

Benue . In this vast region of See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution the Fula populations are most dense towards the west and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, most scattered towards the east and south . Originally herdsmen in the western and central See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan, they extended their sway east of the Niger, under the leadership of See also:

• OTHMAN (c. 574-656)

Othman See also:

• DAN

Dan Fodio, during the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and having subdued the See also:

• HAUSA

Hausa states, founded the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of Sokoto with the See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal emirates of See also:

• KANO

Kano, See also:

• GANDO

Gando, See also:

• NUPE

Nupe, Adamawa, &c . The question of the ethnic See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities of the Fula has given rise to an enormous amount of See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation, but the most reasonable theory is that they are a mixture of See also:

• BERBER

Berber and See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro . This is now the most generally accepted theory .

Certainly there is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to connect them with the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Egyptians . In the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Senegal known as Fuladugu or " Fula See also:

• LAND

Land," where the purest types of the race are found, the people are of a reddish See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown or See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, with See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval faces, ringlety or even smooth See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, never woolly, straight and even aquiline noses, delicately shaped lips and See also:

• REGULAR

regular features quite differentiating them from the Negro type . Like most conquering races the Fula are, however, not of See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform physique, in many districts approximating to the See also:

• LOCAL

local type . They nevertheless maintain throughout their widespread territory a certain See also:

• NATIONAL

national solidarity, thanks_ to See also:

• COMMON

common speech, traditions and usages . The ruling See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste of the Fula differs widely in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character from the herdsmen of the western Sudan . The latter are peaceable, inoffensive and abstemious . They are mainly monogamous, and by rigidly abstaining from See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign marriages have preserved racial purity . The ruling caste in See also:

• NIGERIA

Nigeria, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, despise their See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral brethren, and through generations of See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy with the conquered tribes have become more See also:

• NEGROID

Negroid in type, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, burly and coarse featured . Love of lu eury, pomp and finery is their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief characteristic . Taken as a vt hole, the Fula race is distinguished by great intelligence, frankness of disposition and strength of character . As soldiers they are renowned almost exclusively as See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry; and the race has produced several leaders possessed of much strategical skill . Besides the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary Negro weapons, they use See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron spears with leatherbound handles and swords .

They are generally excellent rulers, stern but patient and just . The Nigerian emirs acquired, however, an evil reputation during the 19th century as slave raiders . They have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been devout Mahommedans, and mosques and See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools exist in almost all their towns . Tradition says that of old every Fula boy and girl was a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar; but during the decadence of their power towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th century See also:

• EDUCATION

education was not highly valued . Power seems to have somewhat spoilt this virile race, but such authorities as See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• LUGARD, SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY (1858- )

Lugard believe them still capable of a great future . The Fula See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language has as yet found no See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in any African linguistic See also:

• FAMILY

family . In its rudiments it is akin to the Hamito-Semitic See also:

• GROUP

group . It possesses two grammatical genders, not masculine and feminine, but the human and the non-human; the See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective agrees in assonance with its noun, and euphony plays a great See also:

• PART

part in verbal and nominal inflections . In some ways resembling the Negro dialects, it betrays non-Negroid influencesin the use of suffixes . The name of the people has many See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations . Fulbe or Fula (sing . Pullo, Peul) is the Mandingan name, Follani the Hausa, Fellatah the See also:

• KANURI, or BERIBERI

Kanuri, Fullan the Arab, and Fulde on the Benue .

Like the name Abate, "See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white," given them in Kororofa, all these seem to refer to their light reddish See also:

• HUE

hue . See F . Ratzel, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Mankind (See also:

• ENGLISH

English ed., See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896-'1898); Sir F . Lugard, " See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Nigeria," in See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal (See also:

• JULY

July 1904); Grimal de Guirodon, See also:

• LES

Les Pula (1887); E . A . Bracken-See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury, A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short Vocabulary of the Fulani Language (Zungeru, 19o7); the articles NIGERIA and SoxoTo and authorities there cited . ' Sir Wm . See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace in a See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on Northern Nigeria (" Colonial See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office " See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, No . 551, 1907) calls See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, to the See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

exodus " of thousands of Fulani of all sorts, but mostly Mellawa, from the French See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Niger," and states that the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the emigrants are settling in the Nile valley .