See also:

• GABELLE (French, from the Med. Lat. gabulum, gablum, a tax, for the origin of which see GAVELKIND)

GABELLE (See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, from the Med. See also:

• LAT

Lat. gabulum, gablum, a tax, for the origin of which see See also:

• GAVELKIND

GAVELKIND)  , a See also:

• TERM

term which, in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was originally applied to taxes on all commodities, but was gradually limited to the tax on See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt . In See also:

• PROCESS

process of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it became one of the most hated and most grossly unequal taxes in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, but, though condemned by all supporters of reform, it was not abolished until 1790 . First imposed in 1286, in the reign of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip IV., as a temporary expedient, it was made a permanent tax by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V . Repressive as a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly, it was.made doubly so from the fact that the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government obliged every individual above the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eight years to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase weekly a minimum amount of salt at a fixed See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price . When first instituted, it was levied uniformly on all the provinces in France, but for the greater See also:

• PART

part of its See also:

• HISTORY

history the price varied in different provinces . There were five distinct See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of provinces, classified as follows: (a) the Pays de grandes gabelles, in which the tax was heaviest; (b) the Pays de petites gabelles, which paid a tax of about See also:

• HALF

half the See also:

• RATE

rate of the former; (c) the Pays de salines, in which the tax was levied on the salt extracted from the salt marshes; (d) the Pays redimes, which had See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased redemption in 1549; and (e) the Pays exempts, which had stipulated for exemption on entering into See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union with the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of France . Greniers d sel (dating from 1342) were established in each See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, and to these all salt had to be taken by the producer on See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation . The grenier fixed the price which it paid for the salt and then sold it to See also:

• RETAIL

retail dealers at a higher rate . See J . J . Clamag6ran, Histoire de rim y& en France (1876) ; A . Gasquet, Precis See also:

• DES

des institutions politiques de l'ancienne France (1885) ; See also:

• NECKER, JACQUES (1732—1804)

Necker, Compte rendu (1781) .