See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

GAETA (anc. Caietae See also:

• PORTUS

Portus)  , a seaport and episcopal see of See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CASERTA

Caserta, from which it is 53 M . W.N.W. by See also:

• RAIL

rail via Sparanise . Pop . (1901) 5528 . It occupies a See also:

• LOWER

lower projecting point of the promontory which forms the S.W. extremity of the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta . The See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Munatius Plancus, on the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the promontory (see CAIRTAE See also:

• PORTUS

PORTUS), is now a See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• SIGNAL

signal station, and lies in the centre of the extensive earthworks of the See also:

• MODERN

modern fortifications . The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is well sheltered except on the E., but has little commercial importance, being mainly a naval station . To the N.W. is the suburb of Elena (formerly Borgo di Gaeta) . Pop . (1901) 10,369 . Above the See also:

• TOWN

town is a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle erected by the Angevin See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, and strengthened at various periods . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus (S .

Elmo), consecrated in 1106, has a See also:

• FINE

fine campanile begun in ' The New See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary has nothing to say . See also:

• WEBSTER
• WEBSTER, ALEXANDER (1707-1784)
• WEBSTER, BENJAMIN NOTTINGHAM (1797-1882)
• WEBSTER, DANIEL (1782-1852)
• WEBSTER, JOHN (fl. 1602-1624)
• WEBSTER, NOAH (1758-1843)
• WEBSTER, THOMAS (1773-1844)
• WEBSTER, THOMAS (1800-1886)

Webster gives the See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology See also:

• GAD

gad well = go about well . Dr R G . Latham suggested that it was taken from the syllables quedul, of the See also:

• LAT

Lat. querquedula, a See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal . The spelling " See also:

• GADWALL

gadwall " seems to be first found in See also:

• WILLUGHBY, FRANCIS (1635—1672)

Willughby in 1676, and has been generally adopted by later writers; but Merrett, in 1667, has " gaddel " (Pinax rerum naturalium Brilannicarum, p . 18o), saying that it was so called by See also:

• BIRD

bird-dealers . The synonym " See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

gray," given by Willughby and See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

Ray, is doubtless derived from the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the See also:

• SPECIES

species, and has its analogue in the Icelandic Griaond, applied almost indifferently, or with some distinguishing epithet, to the See also:

• FEMALE

female of any of the See also:

• FRESHWATER

freshwater ducks, and especially to both sexes of the See also:

• PRESENT

present, in which, as stated in the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, there is comparatively little conspicuous difference of plumage in See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

drake and See also:

• DUCK

duck . 86o and completed in 1279, and a See also:

• NAVE

nave and four aisles; the interior has, however, been modernized . Opposite the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the cathedral is a See also:

• CANDELABRUM (from Lat. candela, a taper or candle)

candelabrum with interesting sculptures of the end of the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, consisting of 48 panels in bas-See also:

• RELIEF

relief, with 24 representations from the See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, and 24 of the life of St Erasmus (A . Venturi, Storia dell' arte Italiana, iii . See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, 1904, 642 seq.) . The cathedral possesses three fine Exultet rolls, with miniatures dating from the 11th to the begin-fling of the 13th century .

Behind the high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar is the banner sent by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius V. to See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, the See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

victor of See also:

• LEPANTO

Lepanto . The See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in the See also:

• SACK

sack of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome of 1527, is buried here . The other churches are of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• INTEREST

interest; See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to that of La Trinity is the Montagna Spaccata, where a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical fissure from 6 to 15 ft. wide runs right down to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . Over the chasm is a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel del Crocefisso, the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain having split, it is said, at the See also:

• DEATH

death of Christ . During the break-up of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, Gaeta, like See also:

• AMALFI

Amalfi and See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, would seem to have established itself as a practically See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• PORT

port and to have carried on a thriving See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant . Its See also:

• HISTORY

history, however, is obscure until, in 823, it appears as a lordship ruled by hereditary hypati or consuls . In 844 the town fell into the hands of the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, but four years later they were driven out with help supplied by Pope See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo IV . In 875 the town was in the hands of Pope John VIII., who gave it to the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• CAPUA (anc. Casilinum;, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 7 M. W. by rail from the town oI Caserta. Pop. (1901) 14
• CAPUA (mod. S. Maria di Capua Vetere)

Capua as a See also:

• FIEF

fief of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See, which had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long claimed See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction over it . In 877, however, the hypatus John (Ioannes) II. succeeded in recovering the lordship, which he established as a duchy under the See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Roman emperors . In the Iith century the duchy fell into the hands of the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• AVERSA

Aversa, afterwards princes of Capua, and in 1135 it was definitively annexed to his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom by See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily . The town, however, had its own coinage as See also:

• LATE

late as 1229 . In military history the town has played a conspicuous See also:

• PART

part .

Its fortifications were strengthened in the 15th century . On the 3oth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1707 it was stormed, after a three months' See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege, by the Austrians under See also:

• DAUN (DHAUN), LEOPOLD JOSEF, COUNT VON (1705-1766)

Daun; and on the 6th. of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1734 it was taken, after a siege of four months, by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Sardinian troops under the future See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of Naples . The fortifications were again strengthened; and in 1799 it was temporarily occupied by the French . On the 18th of See also:

• JULY

July 1806 it was captured, after an heroic See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, by the French under See also:

• MASSENA, ANDRE, or ANDREA

Massena; and on the 18th of July 1815 it capitulated, after a three months' siege, to the Austrians . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1848 Pope Pius 1X., after his See also:

• FLIGHT

flight in disguise from Rome, found a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge at Gaeta, where he remained till the 4th of September 1849 . Finally, in 1860, it was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the last stand of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis II. of Naples against the forces of See also:

• UNITED

United Italy . Shut up in the fortress with 12,000 men, after See also:

• GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi's occupation of Naples, the king, inspired by the heroic example of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Maria, offered a stubborn resistance, and it was not till the 13th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1861 that, the withdrawal of the French See also:

• FLEET

fleet having made See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment from the sea possible, he was forced to capitulate . See G . B . See also:

• FEDERICI, CAMILLO (1749-1802)

Federici, Degli antichi duchi, consoli o ipati della citta di Gaeta (Naples, 1791) ; Onorato See also:

• GAETANI, or CAETANI

Gaetani d' Aragona, Mom. stor. della See also:

• CILIA (plural of Lat. cilium, eyelash)

cilia di Gaeta (Milan, 1879) ; C . Ravizza, Il Golfo di Gaeta (See also:

• NOVARA

Novara, 1876) . (T .