See also:

• GAIUS

GAIUS See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

CAESAR (A.D. 12-41)  , surnamed CALIGULA, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor from 37-41, youngest son of Germanicus and See also:

• AGRIPPINA

Agrippina the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 31st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August A.D . 12 . He was brought up in his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp on the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine among the soldiers, and received the name Caligula from the caligae, or See also:

• FOOT

foot-soldiers' boots, which he used to See also:

• WEAR

wear . He also accompanied his father to See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, and after his See also:

• DEATH

death returned to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . In 32 he was summoned by Tiberius to Capreae, and by skilful flattery managed to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the See also:

• FATE

fate of his relatives . After the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Tiberius by See also:

• NAEVIUS, GNAEUS (c. 264–? 194 B.C.)

Naevius See also:

• SERTORIUS, QUINTUS

Sertorius Macro, the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the praetorian See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards, which was probably due to his instigation, Caligula ascended the See also:

• THRONE

throne amidst the rejoicings of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . The See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate conferred the imperial See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power upon him alone, although Tiberius Gemellus, the See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of the preceding emperor, had been designated as his co-See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir . He entered on his first consulship in See also:

• JULY

July 37 . For the first eight months of his reign he did not disappoint the popular expectation; but after his recovery from a severe illness his true See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character showed itself . His extravagance, See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty and profligacy can hardly be explained except on the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption that he was out of his mind . According to See also:

• PELHAM
• PELHAM, HENRY (1696-1754)
• PELHAM, HENRY FRANCIS (1846-1907)

Pelham, much of his conduct was due to the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere in which he was brought up, and the ideas of See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty instilled into him, which led him to pose as a monarch of the Graeco-See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental type . To fill his exhausted See also:

• TREASURY

treasury he put to death his wealthy subjects and confiscated their See also:

• PROPERTY

property; even the poor See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell victims to his thirst for See also:

• BLOOD

blood .

He bestowed the priesthood and a consulship upon his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse Incitatus, and demanded that See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice should be offered to himself . He openly declared that he wished the whole Roman people had only one See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, that he might cut it off at a single stroke . In 39 he set out with an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, nominally to punish the Germans for having invaded Roman territory, but in reality to get See also:

• MONEY

money by See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder and See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation . Before leaving, he led his troops to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast opposite See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and ordered them to pick up shells on the seashore, to be dedicated to the gods at Rome as the spoils of ocean . On his return he entered Rome with an See also:

• OVATION (Lat. ovatio)

ovation (a See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph), temples were built, statues erected in his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, and a See also:

• SPECIAL

special priesthood instituted to attend to his See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship . The people were ground down by new forms of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation and every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion, but on the whole Rome was See also:

• FREE

free from See also:

• INTERNAL

internal disturbances during his reign; some insignificant conspiracies were discovered and rendered abortive . A See also:

• PERSONAL

personal insult to See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius Chaerea, See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune of a praetorian See also:

• COHORT (Lat. cohors)

cohort, led to Caligula's assassination on the 24th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 41 . See Suetonius, Caligula; See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus, See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals, vi . 20 ff.; Dio Cassius lix . ; see also S . See also:

• BARING

Baring See also:

• GOULD, AUGUSTUS ADDISON (,8o5-1866)
• GOULD, BENJAMIN APTHORP (1824-1896)
• GOULD, JAY (1836-1892)
• GOULD, SIR FRANCIS CARRUTHERS (1844- )

Gould, The Tragedy of the Caesars (3rd ed., 1892) ; H . F .

Pelham in Quarterly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (See also:

• APRIL

April, 1905) ; H . Willrich, Beitrage zar See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien Geschichte (1903); H . See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, Geschichte der romischen Kaiserzeit, i. pt . 1; J . B . See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury, Student's Hist. of the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire (1893); See also:

• MERIVALE, CHARLES (1808-1893)
• MERIVALE, HERMAN (1806-1874)

Merivale, See also:

• HISTORY

History of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans under the Empire, ch . 48; H . See also:

• FURNEAUX, TOBIAS (1735-1781)

Furneaux's Annals of Tacitus, ii . (introduction) . Mention may also be made of the famous pamphlet by L . Quidde, Caligula . Eine Studie fiber romischen Cdsorenwahnsinn and an See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous supplement, Ist Caligula mit unserer Zeit vergleichbar ?

(both 1894) ; and a reply, Fin-de-Siecle-Geschichtsschreibung, by G . Sommerfeldt (1895) .