See also:

• GALILEE
• GALILEE (Heb. 5'S?, " border " or " ring," Gr. I'aXi?aia)
• GALILEE, SEA OF

GALILEE (Heb. 5'S?, " border " or " See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring," Gr. I'aXi?aia)  , a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• SAMARIA

Samaria, bounded S. by Samaria and the See also:

• CARMEL

Carmel range, E. by the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan, N. by the Leontes (Litani), and W. by the Mediterranean and See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• PHOENICIA

Phoenicia . Its maximum extent was about 6o m. north to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and 30 See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . The name in the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew Scriptures hardly had a definite territorial significance . It literally means a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring or See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and, like analogous words in See also:

• ENGLISH

English, could be applied to various districts . Thus See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua (xiii . 2) and See also:

• JOEL
• JOEL, MANUEL (1826–189o)

Joel (iii . 4) refer to the Geliloth (" See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders, See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast ") of the See also:

• PHILISTINES

Philistines or of Palestine; Joshua again (xxii . To, ir) and See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel (xlvii . 8) mention the Jordan valley See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain as the " Geliloth of Jordan " in " the Eastern Gelilah." In its more restricted See also:

• CONNOTATION

connotation, denoting the See also:

• DISTRICT

district to which it is usually applied or a part thereof, it is found in Joshua xx . 7, xxi . 32, I Chr. vi . 76, as the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place where was situated the See also:

• TOWN

town of Kadesh; and in 1 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings ix. i 1, the district of " worthless " cities given by See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon to Hiram .

In Isa. ix . 1 we find the full name of the district, Galil ha-Goyim, literally " the ring, circuit or border of the foreigners "—referring to the Phoenicians, Syrians and Aramaeans, by whose See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country the province was on three sides surrounded . In i Kings xv . 29 it is specified as one of the districts whose See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was deported by Tiglath-Pileser . Throughout the Old Testament See also:

• HISTORY

history, how-ever, See also:

• GALILEE
• GALILEE (Heb. 5'S?, " border " or " ring," Gr. I'aXi?aia)
• GALILEE, SEA OF

Galilee as a whole cannot be said to have a history.; the unit of territorial subdivision was tribal rather than provincial, and though.such important events as those associated with the names of Barak, See also:

• GIDEON (in Hebrew, perhaps " hewer " or " warrior ")

Gideon, Gilboa, See also:

• ARMAGEDDON

Armageddon, took place within its borders, yet these belong rather to the histories of See also:

• ISSACHAR (a Hebrew name meaning apparently " there is a hire," or " reward ")

Issachar, Zebulon, See also:

• ASHER

Asher or See also:

• NAPHTALI

Naphtali, whose territories together almost correspond with Galilee, than to the province itself . After the Jewish return from See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile the population confined itself to See also:

• JUDAEA

Judaea, and Galilee was See also:

• LEFT

left in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the mixed multitude of successors established there by the Assyrians . When it once more came into Israelite hands is uncertain; it is generally supposed that its reconquest was due to See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HYRCANUS ('Tp,av6s)

Hyrcanus . Before very See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long it See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed a nationalism and patriotism as intense as that of Judaea itself, notwithstanding the contempt with which the metropolitans of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem looked down upon the Galilean provincials . Stock proverbial sayings such as " Out of Galilee cometh no See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet " (though See also:

• DEBORAH (Heb. for " bee ")

Deborah, See also:

• JONAH
• JONAH, RABBI (ABULWALID MERWAN IBN JANAH, also R. MARINUS) (c. 996-c. 1050)

Jonah, See also:

• ELISHA (a Hebrew name meaning " God is deliverance ")

Elisha, and probably See also:

• HOSEA

Hosea, were Galileans) were apparently See also:

• COMMON

common . Provincialism of speech (Matt. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 73) distinguished the Galileans; it appears that they confused the gutturals in See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation . Under the Roman domination Galilee was made a tetrarchate governed by members of the See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod See also:

• FAMILY

family .

Herod the See also:

• GREAT

Great was See also:

• TETRARCH (TETp&pX1)S)

tetrarch of Galilee in 47 B.C.; in 4 B.C. he was succeeded by his son Antipas . Galilee was the See also:

• LAND

land of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ's boyhood and the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief centre of His active See also:

• WORK

work, and in His various ministries here some of His chief discourses were uttered (as the See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

Sermon on the See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount, Matt. v.) and some of His chief miracles performed . After the destruction of Jerusalem the Judaean Rabbinic See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the Galilee they had heretofore despised . No See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient remains of Jewish synagogues exist except those that have been identified in some of the ancient Galilean towns, such as Tell Hum (Talhum), Kerazeh, Kefr Bir'See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im, and elsewhere . One of the chief centres of Rabbinism was Safed, still a sacred See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and largely inhabited by members of that faith . Near here is Meirun, a place much revered by the Jews as containing the tombs of See also:

• HILLEL

Hillel, See also:

• SHAMMAI

Shammai and See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

ben Yohai; a yearly festival in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of these rabbis is here celebrated . At See also:

• TIBERIAS

Tiberias also are the tombs of distinguished Jewish teachers, including See also:

• MAIMONIDES

Maimonides . The province was subdivided into two parts, Upper and See also:

• LOWER

Lower Galilee, the two being divided by a See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge See also:

• RUNNING

running west to east, which prolonged would cut the Jordan about midway between Huleh and the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea of Galilee . Lower Galilee includes the plains of Buttauf and Esdraelon . The whole of Galilee presents country more or less disturbed by volcanic See also:

• ACTION

action . In the lower See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division the hills are all tilted up towards the east, and broad streams of See also:

• LAVA

lava have flowed Lower over the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau above the sea of Galilee . In this district See also:

• GAME

Game, the highest hills are only about 1800 ft. above the sea .

The ridge of See also:

• NAZARETH (mod. en-Ndsira)

Nazareth rises north of the great plain of Esdraelon, and north of this again is the fertile See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Buttauf, separated from the sea-coast plains by See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills . East of the Buttauf extends the basaltic plateau called See also:

• SAHEL

Sahel el Ahma (" the inaccessible plain "), rising 1700 ft. above the Sea of Galilee . North of the Buttauf is a confused See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill country, the spurs falling towards a broad valley which lies at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the mountains of Upper Galilee . This broad valley, running westwards to the coast, is perhaps the old boundary of See also:

• ZEBULUN

Zebulun—the valley of Jiphthah-el (Josh. xix, 14) . The great plain of Esdraelon is of triangular See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, bounded by Gilboa on the east and by the ridge which runs to Carmel on the west . It is 14 M. long from Jenin to the Nazareth hills, and its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern border is about 20 m. long . It rises 200 ft. above the sea, the hills on both sides being some 1500 ft. higher . The whole drainage is collected by the Kishon, which runs through a narrow See also:

• GORGE

gorge at the north-west corner of the plain, descending beside the ridge of Carmel to the sea . The broad valley of See also:

• JEZREEL (Heb. " God sows ")

Jezreel on the east, descending towards the Jordan valley, forms the See also:

• GATE

gate by which Palestine is entered from beyond Jordan . Mount See also:

• TABOR

Tabor stands isolated in the plain at the north-east corner, and rather farther south the conical hill called Nebi Duhi rises between Tabor and Gilboa . The whole of Lower Galilee is well watered . The Kishon is fed by springs from near Tabor and from a copious stream from the west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the plain of Esdraelon .

North-west of Nazareth is See also:

• WADI

Wadi el Melek, an open valley full of springs . The See also:

• RIVER

river Belus, just south of See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre, risingin the sea-coast marshes, drains the whole valley above identified with Jiphthah-el . On the east the broad valley of Jezreel is full of magnificent springs, many of which are thermal . The plains of Esdraelon, and the Buttauf, and the plateau of el-Ahma are all remarkable for the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich basaltic See also:

• SOIL

soil which covers them, in which See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• SESAME

sesame, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet and various kinds of See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable are grown, while See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane were cultivated in former times . The Nazareth hills and Gilboa are See also:

• BARE

bare and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, but west of Nazareth is a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, and another thick wood spreads over the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern slopes of Tabor . The hills west of the great plain are partly of bare white See also:

• CHALK

chalk, partly covered with dense thickets . The mountains north of the Buttauf are rugged and covered with scrub, except near the villages, where fine See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive groves exist . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal places of importance in Lower Galilee are Nazareth (1o,00o inhabit-ants), Sepphoris (now Seffuria), a large See also:

• VILLAGE

village See also:

• STANDING

standing above the Buttauf on the spurs of the southern hills, and Jenin (En Gannim), a flourishing village, with a See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden (3000 inhabitants) . The ancient See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, Jezreel (Zerin), is now a miserable village on a precipitous See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur of Gilboa; north of this are the small mud hamlets, Solam (Shunem), Endur (See also:

• ENDOR

Endor), Nein (Nain); on the west side of the plain is the ruin of Lejjun (the Legio of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, which was then a place of importance) . In the hills north of the Buttauf is Jefat, situated on a steep hill-See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, and representing the Jotapata defended by See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus . Kcfr Kenna, now a flourishing See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian village at the foot of the Nazareth hills, south of the Buttauf, is one of the sites identified with See also:

• CANA

Cana of Galilee, and the ruin Karla, on the north side of the same plain, represents the site pointed out to the pilgrims of the 12th and 13th centuries . The mountains are tilted up towards the Sea of Galilee, and the drainage of the district is towards the north-west .

On the south the upper rocky range of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Jarmuk rises to nearly 4000 ft. above GaHme, the sea; on the east a narrow ridge 2800 ft. high forms the See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed, with steep eastern slopes falling towards Jordan . Immediately west of the watershed are two small plateaus covered with basaltic debris, near el-Jish and Kades .. On the west are rugged mountains with deep intricate valleys: The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main drains of the country are—first, Wadi el `Ayun, rising north of Jebel Jarmuk, and running north-west as an open valley; and secondly, Wadi el Ahjar, a rugged precipitous gorge running north to join the Leontes . The district is well provided with springs throughout, and the valleys are full of See also:

• WATER

water in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring-See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . Though rocky and difficult, Upper Galilee is not barren, the soil of the plateaus is rich, and the See also:

• VINE

vine flourishes in the higher hills, especially in the neighbourhood of Kefr BirSm . The principal town is Safed, perched on a white See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain 2700 ft. above the sea . It has a population of about 9000, including Jews, Christians and Moslems . Josephus gives a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good description of the Galilee of his time in See also:

• WARS

Wars, iii . 3 . 2 : " The Galileans are inured to See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war from their See also:

• INFANCY

infancy, and have been always very numerous; nor See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath the country been ever destitute of men of courage or wanted a numerous set of them; for their soil is universally rich and fruitful, and full of plantations of trees of all sorts, insomuch that it invites the most slothful to take pains in its cultivation ... . Moreover, the cities See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie here very thick, and the very many villages there are here are everywhere full of See also:

• PEOPLE

people." Though the population is diminished and the cities ruinous, the country is still remarkable for fertility, thanks to the copiousness of its water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply draining from the See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon mountains . The principal products of the country are corn, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, oil and See also:

• SOAP

soap (from the See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives), with every See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• PULSE

pulse and See also:

• GOURD

gourd .

The antiquities of Galilee include dolmens and See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude stonemonuments, See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-cut tombs, and wine-presses, with numerous remains of See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine monasteries and fine churches of the time of the See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades . There are also remains of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture in various places; but the most interesting buildings are the ancient synagogues, of which some eleven examples are now known . They are rectangular, with the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door to the south, and two rows of columns forming aisles east and west . The architecture is a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar and debased See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of classic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, attributed by architects to the and century A.D . In Kefr Bir'Im there were remains of two synagogues, but See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 20th century one of them was completely destroyed by a See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone-See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

mason . At Irbid, above Tiberias, is another See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue of rather different See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Traces of synagogues have also been found on Carmel, and at See also:

• TIREH (anc. Teira)

Tireh, west of Nazareth . It is curious to find the See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of various animals in See also:

• RELIEF

relief on the lintels of these buildings . Hebrew See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions also occur, and the carved work of the cornices and capitals is rich though debased . In the x2th century Galilee was the outpost of the Christian See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Jerusalem, and its borders were strongly protected by fortresses, the magnificent remains of which still See also:

• CROWN

crown the most important strategical points . Toron (mod . Tibnin) was built in 1104, the first fortress erected by the crusaders, and standing on the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the mountains of Upper Galilee .

See also:

• BEAUVOIR, ROGER DE

Beauvoir (Kaukab el-Hawa, built in 1182) stood on a precipice above Jordan south-west of the Sea of Galilee, and guarded the advance by. the valley of Jezreel; and about the same time See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau Neuf (Hunan) was erected above the Huleh See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake . See also:

• BELFORT
• BELFORT, TERRITOIRE
• BELFORT, TERRITORY OF

Belfort (esh Shukif), on the north See also:

• BANK

bank of the Leontes, the finest and most important, See also:

• DATES

dates somewhat earlier; and See also:

• MONTFORT
• MONTFORT, SIMON DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (d. 1265)

Montfort (See also:

• KALAT

Kalat el Kurn) stood on a narrow spur north-east of Acre, completing the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of frontier fortresses . The town of Banias, with its See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, formed also a strong outpost against See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, and was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene, in common with the other strongholds, of many desperate encounters between Moslems and Christians . Lower Galilee was the last remaining portion of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Land held by the Christians . In 1250 the knights of the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order owned lands ex-tending See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Acre as far east as the Sea of Galilee, and including Safed . These possessions were lost in 1291, on the fall of Acre . The population of Galilee is mixed . In Lower Galilee the peasants are principally Moslem, with a sprinkling of Greek Christians round Nazareth, which is a Christian town . In Upper Galilee, however, there is a mixture of Jews and See also:

• MARONITES (Arab. Mawarina)

Maronites, See also:

• DRUSES
• DRUSES, or DRUZES (Arab. Druz)

Druses and Moslems (natives or Algerine settlers), while the slopes above the Jordan are inhabited by wandering See also:

• ARABS

Arabs . The Jews are engaged in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and the Christians, Druses and Moslems in See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture; and the Arabs are an entirely See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral people . (C . R .

C.; R . A . S .