See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

ANTOINE See also:

• ANTOINE GALLAND (1646-1715)

GALLAND (1646-1715)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Orientalist and archaeologist, the first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European translator of the Arabian Nights, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 4th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1646 at Rollot, in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• SOMME

Somme . The completion of his school See also:

• EDUCATION

education at See also:

• NOYON

Noyon was followed by a brief See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship to a See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, from which, however, he soon escaped, to pursue his linguistic studies at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . After having been employed for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in making a See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of the See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts at the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne, he was, in 167o, attached to the French See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople; and in 1673 he travelled in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant, where he copied a See also:

• GREAT

great number of See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, and sketched, and in some cases removed See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical monuments . After a brief visit to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, where his collection of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient coins attracted some See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, See also:

• GALLAND, ANTOINE (1646-1715)

Galland returned to the Levant in 1676; and in 1679 he undertook a third voyage, being commissioned by the French See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• COMPANY

Company to collect for the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of See also:

• COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1619-1683)

Colbert; on the expiration of this See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission he was instructed by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to continue his researches, and had the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of resorted to by the public, and excited considerable controversy in the scientific See also:

• WORLD

world . He had almost reached the See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith of his fame when, in 1807, he repaired to Paris and established himself there as a medical practitioner, at the same time continuing his activity as a lecturer and writer . In 18o8 appeared his Introduction au See also:

• TOURS

tours de physiologic du cerveau, which was followed in 1809 by the Recherches sur le systeme nerveux en See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, et sur celui du cerveau en particulier (originally laid before the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of France in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1808), and in 18ro by the first See also:

• INSTALMENT (for earlier stallment or estallment, from Fr. estaler, to fix, arrange; the change is probably due to the influence of the verb " install ")

instalment of the Anatomic et physiologie du systeme nerveux en general, et du cerveau en particulier, avec See also:

• DES

des observations sur la possibilite de reconnaitre plusieurs dispositions intellectuelles et morales de l'homme et des animaux See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par la configuration de leers Mks . The Recherches and the first two volumes of the Anatomic See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the conjoint names of See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall and See also:

• SPURZHEIM, JOHANN CHRISTOPH

Spurzheim . The latter See also:

• WORK

work was completed in 1819, and appeared in a second edition of six volumes in 1822-1825 . In 1811 he replied to a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of Spinozism or See also:

• ATHEISM (from Gr. as, privative, and Oebs, God)

atheism, which had been strongly urged against him, by a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise entitled Des dispositions innees de l'dme et de l'esprit, which he afterwards incorporated with his greater work . In 1819 he became a naturalized French subject, but his efforts two years afterwards to obtain See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences, although supported by E . See also:

• GEOFFROY
• GEOFFROY, ETIENNE FRANCOIS (1672-1731)
• GEOFFROY, JULIEN LOUIS (1743-1814)

Geoffroy See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Hilaire, were unsuccessful . In 1823 he visited See also:

• LONDON

London with the intention of giving a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of phrenological lectures, but his reception was not what he had anticipated, and he speedily abandoned his plans .

He continued to lecture and practise in Paris until the beginning of 1828, when he was disabled by an apoplectic seizure . His See also:

• DEATH

death took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at Montrouge near Paris, on' the 22nd of " See also:

• ANTIQUARY

antiquary to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king " conferred upon him . During his See also:

• PRO

pro-longed residences abroad he acquired a thorough knowledge of the Arabic, See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish and See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and literatures, which, on his final return to France, enabled him to render valuable assistance to Thevenot, the keeper of the royal library, and to See also:

• BARTHELEMY
• BARTHELEMY, ANATOLE
• BARTHELEMY, AUGUSTE MARSEILLE (1796–1867)
• BARTHELEMY, FRANCOIS, MARQUIS DE (1747 or 1750-1830)
• BARTHELEMY, JEAN JACQUES (1716–1795)

Barthelemy d'Herbelot . After their deaths he lived for some time at See also:

• CAEN

Caen under the roof of See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas See also:

• FOUCAULT, JEAN BERNARD LEON (1819—1868)

Foucault (1643–1721), the See also:

• INTENDANT (from Lat. intendens, pres. part. of intendere, to apply the mind to, to watch over; cf. " superintendent ")

intendant of Caen, himself no mean archaeologist; and there he began the publication (12 vols., 1704–1717) of See also:

• LES

Les See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule et une nulls, which excited immense See also:

• INTEREST

interest during the time of its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and is still the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation . It had no pretensions to verbal accuracy, and the coarseness of the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language was modified to suit European See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, but the narrative was adequately rendered . In 1701 Galland had been admitted into the Academy of Inscriptions, and in 1709 he was appointed to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of Arabic in the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College de France . He continued to See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge the duties of this See also:

• POST

post until his death, which took place on the 17th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1715 . Besides a number of archaeological See also:

• WORKS

works, especially in the department of See also:

• NUMISMATICS
• NUMISMATICS (Lat. numisma, nomisma, a coin; from the Greek, derived from voj4 u', to use according to law)

numismatics, he published a compilation from the Arabic, Persian and Turkish, entitled Paroles remarquables, bons mots et maximes des orientaux (1694), and a translation from an Arabic See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, De l'origine et du progres du cafe (1699) . The former of these works appeared in an See also:

• ENGLISH

English translation in 1795 . His Conies et fables indiennes de See also:

• BIDPAI (or PILPAY), FABLES OF

Bidpai et de Lokman was published (1724) after his death . Among his numerous unpublished manuscripts are a translation of the See also:

• KORAN

Koran and a Histoire generate des em¢ereurs turcs . His See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal was published by M .

See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• SCHEFER, LEOPOLD (1784–1862)

Schefer in 1881 .