See also:

• GALLEY (derived through the 0. Fr. galee, galie, from the Med. Lat. galea, Ital. galea, Port. gale, of uncertain origin; from the Med. Lat. variant form galera are derived the Mod. Fr. galere, Span. and Ital. galera)

GALLEY (derived through the 0. Fr. galee, galie, from the Med. See also:

• LAT

Lat. galea, Ital. galea, See also:

• PORT

Port. See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

gale, of uncertain origin; from the Med. Lat. variant See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form galera are derived the Mod. Fr. galere, Span. and Ital. galera)  , a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long single or See also:

• HALF

half decked See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, with See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• FREE

free-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, propelled primarily by oars or sweeps, but also having masts for sails . The word is used generally of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient war vessels of See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome of various types, whose See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief propelling See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was the See also:

• OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

oar or sweep, but its more specific application is to the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval war vessel which survived in the navies of the Mediterranean See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers after the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the larger many-decked See also:

• SHIP

ship of war, propelled solely by See also:

• SAIL

sail-power . See also:

• LEPANTO

Lepanto (1571) was the last See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• BATTLE

battle in which. the See also:

• GALLEY (derived through the 0. Fr. galee, galie, from the Med. Lat. galea, Ital. galea, Port. gale, of uncertain origin; from the Med. Lat. variant form galera are derived the Mod. Fr. galere, Span. and Ital. galera)

galley played the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• PART

part . The " galleass" or " galliass " (Med . See also:

• LAT

Lat. galeasea, Ital. galeazza, an augmented See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of galea) was a larger and heavier form of galley; it usually carried three masts and had at See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow and stern a castellated structure . The " galliot " (0 . Fr. galiot, Span. and See also:

• PORT

Port. galeota, Ital. galeotta, a diminutive of galea) was a small See also:

• LIGHT

light type of galley . The " galleon " (formerly in See also:

• ENGLISH

English " galloon," Fr. See also:

• GALLON

gallon, derived from the Med . Lat. galio, galionis, a derivative of galea) was a sailing ship of war and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, shorter than the galley and See also:

• STANDING

standing high out of the See also:

• WATER

water with several decks, chiefly used by the Spaniards during the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century in the carrying of treasure from See also:

• AMERICA

America . The number of oars or sweeps varied, the larger galley having twenty-five on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side; the galleass as many as See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-two, each being worked by several men . This labour was from the earliest times often performed by slaves or prisoners of war . It became the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom among the Mediterranean- powers to See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence condemned criminals to See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row in the war galleys of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state .

Traces of this in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France can be found as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1532, but the first legislative enactment is in the Ordonnance d'See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans of 1561 . In 1564 See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IX. forbade the sentencing of prisoners to the galleys for less than ten years . The galley-slaves were branded with the letters GAL . At the end of the reign of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV. the use of the galley for war purposes had practically ceased, but the See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of the galleys was not incorporated with the See also:

• NAVY

navy till 1748 . The headquarters of the galleys and of the convict rowers (galeriens) was at See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of these latter were brought to See also:

• TOULON

Toulon, the others were sent to See also:

• ROCHEFORT
• ROCHEFORT, HENRI, MARQUIS DE

Rochefort and B See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, where they were used for See also:

• WORK

work 1 Du Cange, Glossarium, s.v . " Galeria," suggests an origin from See also:

• GALENA

galena, a galley, on the See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of See also:

• NAVE

nave," from navis, the galley being a long and narrow ship; but, he adds, alii olio opinantur . II in the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal . At Toulon the convicts remained (in chains) on the galleys, which were moored as hulks in the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour . See also:

• SHORE

Shore prisons were, however, provided for them, known as bagnes, See also:

• BATHS

baths, a name given to such penal establishments first by the Italians (bagno), and said to have been derived from the See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople situated See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close by or attached to the great baths there . The name galerien was still given to all convicts, though the galleys had been abandoned, and it was not till the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution that the hated name with all it signified was changed to forcat . In See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain galera is still used for a criminal condemned to penal See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude .

A vivid See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• LIFE

life of galley-slaves in France is given in See also:

• JEAN

Jean Marteilhes's See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant, translated by See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver See also:

• GOLDSMITH
• GOLDSMITH, LEWIS (c. 1763–1846)
• GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (1728–1774)

Goldsmith (new edition, 1895), which describes the experiences of one of the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots who suffered after the revocation of the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes .