GALLICANISM  , the collective name for various theories maintaining that the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France had ecclesiastical rights of their own, See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent and exclusive of the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope . Gallicanism had two distinct sides, a constitutional and a dogmatic, though both were generally held together, the second serving as the logical basis of the first . And neither is intelligible, except in relation to the See also:

• RIVAL

rival theory of See also:

• ULTRAMONTANISM (Lat. ultra, beyond, monies, the mountains)

Ultramontanism (q.v.) . Dogmatic Gallicanism was concerned with the question of ecclesiastical See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . It maintained that the church's infallible authority was committed to pope and bishops jointly . The pope decided in the first instance, but his judgments must be tacitly or expressly confirmed by the bishops before they had the force of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . This See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient theory survived much longer in France than in other See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic countries . Hence the name of Gallican is loosely given to all its See also:

• MODERN

modern up-holders, whether of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality or not . Constitutional Gallicanism dealt with the relation of church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in France . It began in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, as a protest against the theocratic pretensions of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval popes . They claimed that they, as vicars of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, had the right to interfere in the temporal concerns of princes, and even to depose sovereigns of whom they disapproved . Gallicanism answered that See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings held their See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power directly of See also:

• GOD

God; hence their temporal concerns See also:

• LAY

lay altogether outside the jurisdiction of the pope .

During the troubles of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation era, when the papal deposing power threatened to become a reality, the Gallican theory became of See also:

• GREAT

great importance . It was elaborated, and connected with dogmatic Gallicanism; by the famous theologian, Edmond Richer (1559-1631), and finally incorporated by See also:

• BOSSUET, JAQUES BENIGNE (1627-1704)

Bossuet in a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

Declaration of the French See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

Clergy, made in 1682 . This document See also:

• LAYS

lays down: (1) that the temporal See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of kings is independent of the pope; (2) that a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council is above the pope; (3) that the ancient liberties of the Gallican Church are sacred; (4) that the infallible teaching authority of the church belongs to pope and bishops jointly . This declaration led to a violent See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome,, and was officially withdrawn in 1693, though its doctrines continued to be largely held . They were asserted in an extreme See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790),Pwhich almost severed connexion between France and the papacy . In 1802 See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon contented himself by embodying Bossuet's declaration textually in a See also:

• STATUTE

statute . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long before his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, however, the issue had been narrowed down to determining exactly how far the pope should be allowed to interfere in French ecclesiastical affairs . Down to the See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the See also:

• CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

Concordat in 1905 all French governments continued to uphold two of the ancient " Gallican Liberties." The See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular courts took See also:

• COGNIZANCE (Lat. cognoscere, to know)

cognizance of ecclesiastical affairs when-ever the law of the See also:

• LAND

land was alleged to have been broken; and papal bulls were not allowed to be published without the leave of the state . (See also See also:

• FEBRONIANISM

FEBRONIANISM.) (ST .