See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

SIMON See also:

• JOSEPH SIMON GALLIENI (1849– )

GALLIENI (1849– )  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French soldier and colonial See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

Beat, in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Haute-See also:

• GARONNE (Lat. Garumna)

Garonne, on the 24th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1849 . He See also:

• LEFT

left the military See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of Saint-Cyr in See also:

• JULY

July 187o as a second See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in the See also:

• MARINES (from Lat. mare, sea)

Marines, becoming lieutenant in 1873 and See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in 1878 . He saw service in the Franco-See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, and between 1877 and 1881 took an important See also:

• PART

part in the explorations and military expeditions by which the French dominion was extended in the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the upper See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger . He rendered a particularly valuable service by obtaining, in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1881, a treaty from Ahmadu, almany of Segu, giving the French exclusive rights of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce on the upper Niger . For this he received the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal of the Societe de Geographic . From 1883 to 1886 See also:

• GALLIENI, JOSEPH SIMON (1849– )

Gallieni was stationed in See also:

• MARTINIQUE

Martinique . On the 24th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1886 he attained the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel, and on the loth of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December was nominated See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Upper See also:

• SENEGAL

Senegal . He obtained several successes against Ahmadu in 1887, and compelled Samory to agree to a treaty by which he abandoned the left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Niger (see SENEGAL: See also:

• HISTORY

History) . In connexion with his service in See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, Gallieni published two See also:

• WORKS

works—See also:

• MISSION

Mission d'exploration du Haut-Niger, 1879-1881 ( See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1885), and Deux Campagnes au See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais (Paris, 1891)—which, besides possessing See also:

• GREAT

great narrative See also:

• INTEREST

interest, give See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information of considerable value in regard to the resources and See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . In 1888 Gallieni was made an officer of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour . In 1891 he attained the rank of colonel, and from 1893 to 1895 he served in See also:

• TONGKING

Tongking, commanding the second military See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the territory . In 1899 he published his experiences in Trois Colonnes au Tonkin .

In 1896 See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar was made a French See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, and Gallieni was appointed See also:

• RESIDENT

resident-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general (a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title changed in 1897 to governor-general) and See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief . Under the weak See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of his predecessor a widespread revolt had broken out against the French . By a vigorous military See also:

• SYSTEM

system Gallieni succeeded in completing the subjugation of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . He also turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the destruction of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political supremacy of the Hovas and the restoration of the See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy of the other tribes . The See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen's See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, Rafsimamanga, and of Rainandria.nampandry, the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the interior, in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1896, and the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile of Queen See also:

• RANAVALO (RANAVALONA) III

Ranavalo III. herself in 1897, on the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of fomenting See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion, See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke up the See also:

• HOVA

Hova See also:

• HEGEMONY (Gr. i7ye,uovia, leadership, from it-yo-Oat, to lead, the leadership especially of one particular state in a group of federated or loosely united states. The term was first applied in Greek history to the position claimed by different individual

hegemony, and made an end of Hova intrigues against French See also:

• RULE

rule . The task of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was one of considerable difficulty . The application of the French customs and other like See also:

• MEASURES

measures, disastrous to See also:

• BRITISH

British and See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, were matters for which Gallieni was not wholly responsible . His policy was directed to the development of the economic resources of the island and was conciliatory towards the non-French See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . He also secured for the Protestants religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty . In 1899 he published a Rapport d'ensemble sur la situation generale de Madagascar . In 1905, when he resigned the governorship, Madagascar enjoyed See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and a considerable measure of prosperity . In 1906 General Gallieni was appointed to command the XIV. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps and military government of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons .

He reviewed the results of his Madagascar administration in a See also:

• BOOK

book entitled Neuf Ans d Madagascar (Paris, 1908) .