See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

FRANZ See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• FRANZ JOSEPH GALL (1758-1828)

GALL (1758-1828)  , anatomist, physiologist, and founder of See also:

• PHRENOLOGY, (from Gr. OOP, mind, and Xbyos, discourse)

phrenology (q.v.), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born'at Tiefenbrunn near See also:

• PFORZHEIM

Pforzheim, See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden, on the 9th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1758 . After completing the usual See also:

• LITERARY

literary course at Baden and See also:

• BRUCHSAL

Bruchsal, he began the study of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine under J . See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann (1738–1800) at See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, whence, attracted by the names of See also:

• GERHARD
• GERHARD, FRIEDRICH WILHELM EDUARD (1795-1867)

Gerhard See also:

• VAN

van Swieten (1700–1772) and See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian Stoll (1742–1788), he removed to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1781 . Having received his diploma, he began to practise as a physician there in 1785; but his energies were mainly devoted to the scientific investigation of problems which had occupied his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention from boyhood . At a comparatively See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period he formed the generalization that in the human subject at least a powerful memory is invariably associated with prominent eyes; and further observation enabled him, as he thought, also to define the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external characteristics indicative of See also:

• SPECIAL

special talents for See also:

• PAINTING

painting, See also:

• MUSIC

music and the See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical arts . Following out these researches, he gradually reached the strong conviction, not only that the talents and dispositions of men are dependent upon the functions of the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain, but also that they may be inferred with perfect exactitude and precision from the external appearances of the See also:

• SKULL

skull . See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall's first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance as an author was made in 1791, when he published the first two chapters of a (never completed) See also:

• WORK

work entitled Philosophisch-medicinische Untersuchungen fiber Natur u . Kunst See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im kranken u. gesunden Zustande See also:

• DES

des Menschen . The first public See also:

• NOTICE

notice of his inquiries in cranioscopy, however, was in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter addressed to a friend, which appeared in C . M . See also:

• WIELAND, CHRISTOPH MARTIN (1733-1813)

Wieland's Deutscher Mercur in 1798; but two years previously he had begun to give private courses of phrenological lectures in Vienna, where his doctrines soon attracted See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general attention, and met with increasing success until, in 1802, they were interdicted by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government as being dangerous to See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . This step on the See also:

• PART

part of the authorities had the effect of greatly stimulating public curiosity and increasing Gall's celebrity .

In March 18o5 he finally See also:

• LEFT

left Vienna in See also:

• COMPANY

company with his friend and See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate J . C . See also:

• SPURZHEIM, JOHANN CHRISTOPH

Spurzheim, and made a tour through See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the course of which he lectured in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg and several of the university towns . His expositions, which he knew how to make popular and attractive, were much cohesion, and little has been added to what he ascertained on the question of transverse strains and the strength of beams, first brought by him within the See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of mechanical theory . In his Discorso intorno alle core the stanno su l'acqua, published in 1612, he used the principle of virtual velocities to demonstrate the more important theorems of See also:

• HYDROSTATICS (Gr. iibwp, water, and the root Ora-, to cause to stand)

hydrostatics, deducing from it the See also:

• EQUILIBRIUM (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and libra, a balance)

equilibrium of fluid in a See also:

• SIPHON, or SYPHON (Lat. sipho; Gr. vi4xov, a tube)

siphon, and proved against the Aristotelians that the floating of solid bodies in a liquid depends not upon their form, but upon their specific gravities relative to such liquid . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to form an adequate estimate of the stride made by Galileo in natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, it would be necessary to enumerate the confused and erroneous opinions prevailing on all such subjects in his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . His best eulogium, it hasbeen truly said, consists in the fallacies which he exposed . The scholastic distinctions between corruptible and incorruptible substances, between See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute gravity and absolute levity, between natural and violent motions, if they did not wholly disappear from scientific phraseology, ceased thenceforward to hold the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in the controversies of the learned . Discarding these obscure and misleading notions, Galileo taught that gravity and levity are relative terms, and that all bodies are heavy, even those which, like the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, are invisible; that See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion is the result of force, instantaneous or continuous; that See also:

• WEIGHT

weight is a continuous force, attracting towards the centre of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth; that, in a vacuum, all bodies would fall with equal velocities; that the " inertia of See also:

• MATTER

matter " implies the continuance of motion, as well as the permanence of See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest; and that the substance of the heavenly bodies is equally " corruptible " with that of the earth . These See also:

• SIMPLE

simple elementary ideas were eminently capable of development and investigation, and were not only true but the prelude to further truth; while those they superseded defied inquiry by their vagueness and obscurity . Galileo was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man born in due time . He was See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to his contemporaries, but not isolated amongst them .

He represented and intensified-a growing tendency of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age in which he lived . It was beginning to be suspected that from See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal See also:

• LAY

lay to nature, and some were found who no longer treated the ipse dixit of the Stagirite as the final authority in matters of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . A vigorous but ineffectual warfare had already been waged against the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind traditions of the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools by See also:

• RAMUS, PETRUS, or PIERRE DE LA RAMEE (1515-1572)

Ramus and Telesius, by Patricius and See also:

• CAMPANELLA, TOMMASO (1568-1639)

Campanella, and the revolution which Galileo completed had been prepared by his predecessors . Nevertheless, the task which he so effectually accomplished demanded the highest and rarest quality of See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . He struck out for himself the happy See also:

• MIDDLE

middle path between the a priori and the empirical systems, and exemplified with brilliant success the method by which experimental science has wrested from nature so many of her secrets . His mind was eminently See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical . He concerned himself above all with what See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell within the range of exact inquiry, and left to others the larger but less fruitful speculations which can never be brought to the See also:

• DIRECT

direct test of experiment . Thus, while far-reaching but hasty generalizations have had their See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day and been forgotten, his work has proved permanent, because he made sure of its See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations . His keen See also:

• INTUITION (from Lat. intueri, to look at)

intuition of truth, his vigour and yet sobriety of See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument, his fertility of See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration and acuteness of See also:

• SARCASM

sarcasm, made him irresistible to his antagonists; and the evanescent triumphs of scornful controversy have given place to the sedate See also:

• APPLAUSE (Lat. applaudere, to strike upon, clap)

applause of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-lived posterity . The first See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of Galileo's writings was published at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence (1842–1856), in 16 8vo vols., under the supervision of Signor Eugenio Alberi . Besides the See also:

• WORKS

works already enumerated, it contained the Sermones de mote, gravium composed at See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa between 1589 and 1591; his letters to his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, with many of their replies, as well as several of the essays of his scientific opponents; his laudatory comments on the Orlando Furioso, and depreciatory notes on the Gerusalemme Liberata, some stanzas and sonnets of no See also:

• GREAT

great merit, together with the See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of a See also:

• COMEDY

comedy; finally, a reprint of Viviani's See also:

• LIFE

Life, with valuable notes and corrections . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original documents from the archives of the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition, See also:

• RELATING

relating to the events of 1616 and 1633, recovered from See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1846 by the efforts of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• ROSSI, LUIGI DE
• ROSSI, PELLEGRINO LUIGI EDOARDO, COUNT (1787-1848)

Rossi, and now in the Vatican Library, were to a limited extent made public by See also:

• MONSIGNOR (It. monsignore, my lord)

Monsignor See also:

• MARINO

Marino-See also:

• MARINI (or MARINO), GIAMBATTISTA (1569-1625)

Marini in 185o, and more unreservedly by M .

See also:

• HENRI

Henri de l'Epinois, in an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay entitled See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1828 .