See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

CLAUDE MATTHIEU See also:

• CLAUDE MATTHIEU GARDANE

GARDANE  , See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col= (1766-1818), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and diplomatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 3oth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1766 . He entered the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose rapidly during the revolutionary See also:

• WARS

wars, becoming See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain in 1793 . In May 1799 he distinguished himself by saving a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the French army which was about to be crushed by the Russians at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Bassignana, and was named at once brigadier-general by See also:

• MOREAU, GUSTAVE (1826-1898)
• MOREAU, HEGESIPPE (18ro-1838)
• MOREAU, JEAN VICTOR MARIE (1763-1813)

Moreau . He incurred See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's displeasure for an omission of See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty shortly before the battle of See also:

• MARENGO

Marengo (See also:

• JUNE

June 14th, 'Soo), but in 1805 was appointed to be aide-de-See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief distinction, however, was to be won in the See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1807, when See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia were at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and the emperor See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I. of Russia was also engaged in hostilities with See also:

• PERSIA

Persia. the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran sent a See also:

• MISSION

mission to the French emperor, then at the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Finkenstein in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Prussia, with a view to the conclusion of a Franco-See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance . This was signed on the 4th of May 1807, at that castle; and Napoleon designed See also:

• GARDANE, CLAUDE MATTHIEU

Gardane as See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy for the cementing of that alliance . The See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret instructions which he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up for Gardane, and signed on the 3oth of May, are of See also:

• INTEREST

interest as showing the strong See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental trend of the emperor's policy . France was to See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee the integrity of Persia, to recognize that See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia (then being invaded by the Russians) belonged to the shah, and was to make all possible efforts for restoring that territory to him . She was also to furnish to the shah arms, See also:

• OFFICERS

officers and workmen, in the number and to the amount demanded by him . Napoleon on his See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side required Persia to declare war against See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, to expel all Britons from her territory, and to come to an understanding with the Afghans with a view to a See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint Franco-Perso-Afghan invasion of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . Gardane, whose See also:

• FAMILY

family was well known in the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant, had a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and dangerous See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey overland, but was cordially received at Teheran in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1807 .

The conclusion of the Franco-See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian treaty at See also:

• TILSIT

Tilsit in See also:

• JULY

July 1807 rendered the mission abortive . Persia longed only for help against Russia and had no See also:

• DESIRE

desire, when all See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of that was past, to attack India . The shah, however, promised to expel Britons and to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant to France a commercial treaty . For a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time French See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence completely replaced that of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England at Teheran, and the mission of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MALCOLM
• MALCOLM, SIR JOHN (1769-1833)

Malcolm to that court was not allowed to proceed . Finally, however, Gardane saw that nothing much was to be hoped for in the changed situation of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European affairs, and abruptly See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country (See also:

• APRIL

April 1809) . This conduct was not wholly approved by Napoleon, but he named him See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count and in 1810 attached him to See also:

• MASSENA, ANDRE, or ANDREA

Massena's army in See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . There, during the disastrous See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat from See also:

• SANTAREM

Santarem to See also:

• ALMEIDA
• ALMEIDA, DOM FRANCISCO DE (c. 1450-1510)

Almeida, he suffered a check which brought him into disfavour . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his career calls for no See also:

• NOTICE

notice . He died'in 1818 . The See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report which he sent to Cham-pagny (dated April 23rd, 1809) on the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Persia and the prospects of a successful invasion of India is of great interest . He admitted the difficulties of this enterprise, but thought that a force of picked French troops, aided by Persians and Afghans, might under favourable conditions penetrate into India by way of See also:

• KANDAHAR

Kandahar, or through See also:

• SIND

Sind, especially if the See also:

• BRITISH

British were distracted by maritime attacks from See also:

• MAURITIUS

Mauritius . See Count See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred de Gardane, Mission du general Gardane en Perse (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, '865); and P .

A . L. de Driault, La Politique orientale de Napoleon: See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian et Gardane (Paris, 1904) . (J . Ht .